By, in, with, through: vnder the pretence or colour. Terentius, Falli per seruum senÊ. By his seruaunt. Per cornu aliquid infundere. Colume. With or through an horne. Per adoptionem pater. Plin. iun A father by adoption. Per ætatem posse. Terentius. To bee able by his age to doe it. Per ætatem non posse. Cicer. To be so yong or olde, that hee cannot. Per multas ætates fuerunt antistites sacri eius ab Euanndro edocti. Liu. Many yeares, or long time togither. Per alium dare. Terent. To make an other to giue for him. Per alium transigam. Cice. I will haue an other to dispatche it for me. Per ambages. Liu. Fatigare aliquem per ambages. Quintil. With long circumstaunces. Per amicitiam & gratiam impetraui patre. Plaut. Per annonam iam caram natus. Plaut. Borne nowe in time of darth. Per eos dies. Cic. In those dayes: during that time. Aliqnot iam per annos concepta turpitudo. Cîcero. For the space now of certaine yeres. Quæ per viginti annos erudiendis iuuenibus impenderam, &c. Quint. Twentie yeares togither. Per auaritiam aliquid appetere. Cice. Couetously. Per beneficium & gratiam aliquid aliquibus concedere. Cic. In way of a benefite and fauourable acte. Per caliginem perstrinxerat aciem animi. Cic. Per cauillationem ad aliquid perduci. Liu. By meanes of cauilling to be mooued to doe a thing. Per causam. Liu. Vnder the colour or pretence. vt, per causam renouati ab Æquis belli. Liu. Per cinerem alicuius mortui aliquem obsecrare. Cic. To desire one for the loue of one that is dead. Per comitatem omnia disperdidit. Plaut. Through too much gentlenesfe. Per compita supplicatum. Liuius. They made supplication to the gods in all crosse wayes. Quos seruare per compositionem volebat. Cicer. Whome he woulde haue saued by composition. Per culpam venire in necessitatem. Author ad Her. Per summum dedecus vitam amittere. Cicero. To leese hys life with great shame and dishonestie. Per deos, per dextram, per fortunas, per fidem, per homines, Modus deprecandi elegantissimus. Tere. For gods sake, or for the loue of God. Per deûm immortalium fidem. Cic. Per ego te hæc genua obtestor, ne, &c. Plaut. I beseeche you by these knees that I embrace. Per cgo te deos oro, vt ne illis animÛ inducas credere. Tere. Per deridiculum verba dare alicui. Plaut. To deceiue one in mockage. Per dilationes. Liu. With many delayes: with delaying and protracting. Per directum. Plin. Straitely: straite vp. Per optimatium discordiam, dissentionemque. Ci. By meanes of the discorde and dissention of the nobles. Per dolum. Hirtius. By craft and deceit. Per doctos dolos auferre aliquid. Plaut. Per nefas, & fidem deceptus. Liu. Deceined vnder the color of religion and faithfull promise. Per figuram offerre iusiurandum, Vide OFFERO. Per flagitium famam perdere. Plaut. To leese his good name by some naughtie acte. Per summam fraudem & malítiam fingere aliquid. Cicero. With extreame fraude and malice. Per gratiam abire. Plautus. To depart with good will and fanour. Per gratiam absoluere Cic. For fauour to quite one. Per ignauiam in prælio sonum tubæ ferre non pores. Author ad Heren. For cowardnesse and dastardship thou canst not abide the sounde of the trumpet in battaile. Per me licet. Plaut. I am content: you may with good leane: I wil not let you. Per illos licer. Plaut. They are content: with their good leaue you may. Per improdentiam decipi. Cic. To be deceined vnwares: or by ignoraunce. Per alterius incommodum & calamitatem qui non ascendit, & sua virtute in altiorem locum perucnit, is mihi videtur amplissimus. Cic. Per infrequentiam. Liui. By reason they were so fewe in number. Per iniuriam. Cic. Iniuriously: with iniurie and violence. Per summam iniuriam, per summum dedecus. Cic. With exceeding great iniurie: with much disworship. Per insidias. Cic. Traiterously: by treason and priuie meanes. Per interdicta crudelitatis alicuius aliquid alteri non licere. Ci. Not to be lawfull to one by reason of his cruel edictes or cõmaundements to the contrarie. Per interualla. Plin. With certaine space betweene. Per inuidiam depelli Tribunatu. Cic. Per iram aliquid facere quod nos pœniteat. Cic. In his anger. Per iram & leuitatem. Liuius. Through anger and lightnesse or vnconstancie. Per ius & magistratum aliquem defendere. Cic. Per latrocinium imposita lex, Cic. Per leges id fieri non potuit. Quint. The lawes would not suffer that to be done. Per legem illam hoc mihi licet. Cic. Cæsar mihi ignoscit per literas. Cic. Cæsar hath written to me that he doth pardon mee. Per literas colloqui cum aliquo. Cic. Per vnam literam scriptum. Plin. iun. Written with one letter. Consulere aliquem per ludibrium. Tacit. Mockingly to aske counsaile of one. Per ludicrum, per iocum. Liu. Per ludùm, & iocum. Cicero. In ieast, merily, in game, in sport and play. Per ludum & negligentiam peruenire ad honores. Ci. To come to promotion and neuer sue or labour for it. Per luxuriam effundere atq; consumere, quod per scelus quis est adeptus. Cic. Riotously to waste and spende that wickedly he hath got. Per malitiam aliquid facere. Cic. Per manus prouinciam alteri tradere. Cic. To deliuer the prouince to one as it werefrom hande to hande. Per maturitatem dehiscens. Plin. So ripe that it cleaueth or openeth. Per me nulla est mora. Ter. I am readie: there is no let or hindrannce in me. Per me percontatus sum, sineqúe indice aliquo. Plaut. Of mine owne motion I asked him. Per medios ruit, Virg. Hee rusheth through the middes of them. Per membranas oculorum vt cerni posset, fecit eas perlucidas natura. Cicero. That men might see through the skinnes and rinunes of their eies, &c. Diræ noctes per metum vigilabantur. Plin. iun. For feare. Per naturam fas est, aut per leges licet. Cicer. By nature one may, or nature permitteth it. Per nebulam aliquid scire. Plau. Not persitely to know a thing. Rem nisi per necessitatem aperiri noluerat. Liu. He woulde not haue had the matter opened vnlesse necessitie did constraine. Per vltimam necessitatem. Liuius. By reason of extreme necessitie. Per noctem cernuntur sidera. Plin. In the night time starres are seene. Per nos. Plin. iun. By our meanes. Per nos quidem hercle egebit. qui suum prodegerit. Plaut. Hee shal lacke for vs that riotously hath wasted his own. Per occasionem. Liu. Occasion being giuen. Druso propinquanti, quasi per officium obuiæ fuere legiones. Tacit. When Drusus came nigh, vnder the colour of due reuerence and honour the legions came to meete him. Per omnia. Col. In al things. Per omnes dies. Plin. Euery day: day by day. Per ordinem fungi honoribus. Plin. iunior. To beare office in order. Per otium. Liu. Quietly: also in time of leysure. Obsecro vt per pacem liceat te alloqui. Plaut. I pray you that I may peaceably or with your good leaue speake a worde or two with you. Per partes emendare. Plin. iun. To amend in partes or parcelwise. Per potestatem auferre aliquid alicui. Cicero. To take a thing from one vnder colour of authoritie or office that he is in. Per procuratores, aut per seipsum agere. Cic. Per quod effectum est vt te consulerem. Plin. iun. Whereby it came to passe, that, &c. Ita illud sacerdotium per haue rationem Theomnasto datur. Cic. By this meanes: or in this fashion. Per ridiculum. Plaut. Mockingly: in mockage. Per risum & iocum aliquid contemnere. Cic. Contemptuously to laugh and mocke at. Per scelus & latrocinium ex fanis religiosis auferre aliquid. Cicero. Per se. Cic. By himselfe. Amiestia per se & propter se expetita. Ci. Friendshrp is desired for it selfe sake, and for the excellencie thereof. Furnium per se vidi libentissimè. Cicer. I was very glad to see Furnius for his owne sake. Per se aliquid posse. Cæs. By it selfe: without helpe of other. Per se sibi quisque charus est. Cic. Euery man of nature loueth himselfe. Ista sua sponte & per se iucunda. Cic. Per se solus exercebat. Liu. He practised by hymselfe alone. Per se ipsa probitas parum tuta. Sal. Honestie by it selfe is not very safe. Per sententias aliquorum aliquid assequi. Cic. Per silentium adesse æquo animo. Terent. To heare quietly speaking nothing. Per filentium eò deducti. Liuius. Brought thither stil wythout noise. Per simulationem amicitiæ aliquem prodere. Cicer. Vnder colour and pretence of friendship. Per somnium sensibus & curis vacuus animus. Cic. In tyme of sleepe. Per longissimum spatium hoc receptaculo vtetur. Plin. iun. Per speciem venandi, vrbe eg ssi. Liui. Going out of the citie vnder the pretence of hunting. Per stadia duo. Plin. The ace of two furlongs. Per plures successiones traditæ, Plin. iun. Per successiones sibi ius vendicare. Plin. Per te stetit quominus hæ fierent nuptiæ. Tere. The lette was in thee that this marriage went not forward. Per tempus. Plaut. In time and season. Per tempus aduenis. Plaut. You come in good season. Per tempus egredi. Ter. Per tempus subuenire acui. Plaut. In season. Per tempus salices legere. Cato. To gather willowes in due time and season. Per omne tempus quo fuimus vna. Plin. iun. All the time that we were togither. Perid tempus. Liu. In the meane time. Per ista tempora. Cic. In those daies. Per triennium. Cic. The space of three yeares continually. Per triumphum. Cic. In a triusnph. Per valetudinem quum posses venire, tamen noluisti. Cicero. When ye were in so good health that you might haue come. Fusus sanguis per venas. Tacit. The bloud spread throughout the veines. Per ver. Plin. In the spring time. Per viam. Plau. In the way as they go. Per vices. Plin. iun. By course: one after another. Per vices annorum. Plin. Enery one his yeare by course. Per vim. Cic. Forcibly: by violence. Per vinum, exortum dissidium. Plaut. Through much drincke discorde rose. Per visum. Cic. In a vision or dreame. Si per vos vitam & famam potest obtinere. Cicer. If by your meanes he may, &c. Per. Betweene. Virg. Via secta per ambas. Betweene both. Fructus per folia solibus coctus prædalci sapore. Plin. The fruit with the heat of the sun ripened through the leaues. Perenim magni æstimo tibi factum nostrum probari. Cic. Id est, permagnì. Permihi mirum visum est Scæuola, te hoc illi cõcedere &c. Cic. Id est, per mirum, vel valde mirum.

I. Lit., of space, through, through the midst of, throughout, all over, all along: per amoena salicta raptare aliquem, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 20, 40 (Ann. v. 40 Vahl.): inde Fert sese (equus) campi per caerula laetaque prata, id. ap. Macr. S. 6, 3 (id. v. 505 ib.): per amoenam urbem leni fluit agmine flumen, id. ap. id. ib. 6, 4 (id. v. 177 ib.): per membranas oculorum cernere, Cic. N. D. 2, 57, 142: coronam auream per forum ferre, id. Att. 14, 16, 2: iit hasta per tempus utrumque, Verg. A. 9, 418: se per munitiones deicere, Caes. B. G. 3, 26: per mare pauperiem fugiens, per saxa, per ignes, Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 46: per ignes, Ov. M. 8, 76: per Averna, id. ib. 14, 105: per caelum, Verg. A. 4, 700: per vias fabulari, in all the streets, Plaut. Cist. 5, 1: per totam urbem, id. Ep. 2, 2, 11: qui per provincias atque imperium tuum pecunias ei credidissent, in the provinces, Cic. Fam. 1, 7, 6: invitati hospitaliter per domos, Liv. 1, 9: via secta per ambas (zonas), Verg. G. 1, 238; 245: nascuntur copiosissime in Balearibus ac per Hispanias, in, Plin. 19, 5, 30, 94: per illas gentes celebratur, throughout, Tac. A. 12, 12: gustūs elementa per omnia quaerunt, Juv. 11, 14.— Placed after the noun: viam per, Lucr. 6, 1264: transtra per et remos et pictas abiete puppes, Verg. A. 5, 663; 6, 692.

II. Transf.

A. Of time, through, throughout, during, for: quod des bubus per hiemem, the winter through, during the winter, Cato, R. R. 25: nulla res per triennium, nisi ad nutum istius, judicata est, Cic. Verr. 1, 5, 13: nulla abs te per hos dies epistula ... venerat, during these days, id. Att. 2, 8, 1: per decem dies ludi facti sunt, id. Cat. 3, 8, 20: per idem tempus, during, at, in the course of, id. Brut. 83, 286; Suet. Galb. 10: per noctem cernuntur sidera, during the night, in the night-time, Plin. 2, 10, 7, 48: per inducias, during, Liv. 38, 2: per multa bella, id. 8, 13: per ludos, id. 2, 18: per comitia, Suet. Caes. 80: per somnum, id. ib. 45: per tempus, during, i. e. at the right time, = in tempore, Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 6; Ter. And. 4, 4, 44; id. Hec. 4, 3, 16.—So distr.: per singulas noctes, Suet. Caes. 1; id. Calig. 22; cf.: per haec, meanwhile, id. Claud. 27: per quae, id. Tib. 52.—

B. To indicate the agent, instrument, or means, through, by, by means of: statuerunt injurias per vos ulcisci, Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 3, 9: detrimenta publicis rebus per homines eloquentissimos importata, id. de Or. 1, 9, 38: quid ais? vulgo occidebantur? Per quos? et a quibus? by whom? and by whose command? id. Rosc. Am. 29, 80: quae domi gerenda sunt, ea per Caeciliam transiguntur, id. ib. 51, 149: quod nefarium stuprum non per illum factum est, id. Cat. 2, 4, 7.—Placed after its case: Exerce vocem, quam per vivis et colis, Plaut. Poen. prol. 13.—Esp.: per fidem decipere, fallere, etc. (= datā fide): per fidem deceptus sum, through confidence, i. e. in my host who betrayed me, Plaut. Most. 2, 2, 69; Cic. Inv. 1, 39, 71; Caes. B. G. 1, 46, 3.—So, per se, per te, through himself, by himself, of himself, etc.: homo per se cognitus, sine ullā commendatione majorum, Cic. Brut. 25, 96: per me tibi obstiti, = solus, by myself, id. Cat. 1, 5, 11: satis per te tibi consulis, Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 1: per se solus, Liv. 1, 49.—With ipse: nihil ipsos per se sine P. Sullā facere potuisse, Cic. Sull. 24, 67: ipsum per se, suā vi, sua naturā, sua sponte laudabile, id. Fin. 2, 15, 50.—To form an adverb. expression, in, by, through, etc.: non dubitavi id a te per litteras petere, by letter, Cic. Fam. 2, 6, 2: per summum dedecus vitam amittere, in the most infamous manner, most infamously, id. Rosc. Am. 11, 30: per iram facere aliquid, in anger, id. Tusc. 4, 37, 79: per commodum, Liv. 30, 29, 3 (cf. II. A. supra): per commodum rei publicae, id. 10, 25, 17; 22, 57, 1; 31, 11, 2: per ludum et jocum, sporting and jesting, in sport and jest, Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 60, 155; cf. id. ib. 2, 5, 70, 181: per vim, forcibly, Sall. J. 23, 1: per dolum, id. ib. 11, 8: per otium, at leisure, Liv. 4, 58, 12: ceteris copiis per otium trajectis, id. 21, 28, 4: cibo per otium capto, id. 21, 55, 1: per tumultum = tumultuose, id. 44, 45, 14. —

C. To designate the reason, cause, inducement, etc., through, for, by, on account of, for the sake of: per metum mussari, Plaut. Aul. 2, 1, 12: qui per virtutem perit, at non interit, id. Capt. 3, 5, 32: cum antea per aetatem nondum hujus auctoritatem loci attingere auderem, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 1, 1: per aetatem, Caes. B. G. 2, 16 fin.: Druso propinquanti quasi per officium obviae fuere legiones, Tac. A. 1, 24: ut nihil eum delectaret, quod aut per naturam fas esset aut per leges liceret, Cic. Mil. 16, 43: cum per valetudinem posses, venire tamen noluisti, id. Fam. 7, 1, 1: per me, per te, etc., as far as concerns me, you, etc.: si per vos licet, Plaut. As. prol. 12: per me vel stertas licet, Cic. Ac. 2, 29, 93; cf.: sin hoc non licet per Cratippum, id. Off. 3, 7, 33: fides publica per sese inviolata, Sall. J. 33, 3: per me ista pedibus trahantur, Cic. Att. 4, 16, 10: per me stetisse, quo minus hae fierent nuptiae, Ter. And. 4, 2, 16: si per suos esset licitum, Nep. Eum. 10, 3: inspicere vitia nec per magistros nec per aetatem licebat, Macr. S. 1, 24. —Hence, in oaths, entreaties, asseverations, etc., by a god, by men, or by inanimate or abstract things, by: IOVRANTO PER IOVEM, etc., Tab. Bant. lin. 15: per pol saepe peccas, Plaut. Cas. 2, 6, 18; cf.: si per plures deos juret, Cic. Rab. Post. 13, 36: quid est enim, per deos, optabilius sapientiā? id. Off. 2, 2, 5: per deos atque homines, id. Div. 2, 55, 116: per dexteram te istam oro, id. Deiot. 3, 8; cf.: per tuam fidem Te obtestor, Ter. And. 1, 5, 55: nunc te per amicitiam et per amorem obsecro, id. ib. 2, 1, 26: per pietatem! Plaut. Trin. 2, 2, 4: per comitatem edepol, pater, etc., id. ib. 2, 2, 52.—In this signif. often separated from its object: per ego vobis deos atque homines dies, ut, etc., Plaut. Men. 5, 7, 1: per ego te deos oro, Ter. And. 3, 3, 6; 5, 1, 15: per ego te, fili ... precor quaesoque, etc., Liv. 23, 9, 2: per ego has lacrimas ... te Oro, Verg. A. 4, 314; 12, 56; Tib. 4, 5, 7; Ov. F. 2, 841: per vos Tyrrhena faventum Stagna deum, per ego et Trebiam cineresque Sagunti Obtestor, Sil. 12, 79 sq.; 1, 658; Stat. Th. 11, 367.—With ellips. of object: per, si qua est ... Intemerata fides, oro, i. e. per eam, Verg. A. 2, 142; 10, 903: per, si quid merui de te bene, perque manentem amorem, Ne, etc., Ov. M. 7, 854.—Sometimes to indicate an apparent or pretended cause or inducement, under the show or pretext of, under color of: qui per tutelam aut societatem aut rem mandatam aut fiduciae rationem fraudavit quempiam, Cic. Caecin. 3, 7: naves triremes per causam exercendorum remigum ad fauces portus prodire jussit, under pretext of, Caes. B. C. 3, 24; v. causa: per speciem alienae fungendae vicis suas opes firmavit, Liv. 1, 41 fin.: per simulationem officii, Tac. H. 1, 74.—

D. In composition, it usually adds intensity to the signif., thoroughly, perfectly, completely, exceedingly, very much, very (very often in Cicero's epistolary style, and in new-formed words, as perbenevolus, percautus, percupidus, perbelle, perofficiose, pergaudeo; see these articles): pervelle, perfacilis, peramanter; sometimes it denotes the completion of an action, e. g. perorare, peragere; sometimes it is repeated: perdifficilis et perobscura quaestio, Cic. N. D. 1, 1, 1; so id. Rep. 1, 12, 18; id. Brut. 43, 158; id. Cael. 20 fin.; id. Fam. 9, 20, 3 al.; but also: perexiguā et minuta, id. Tusc. 2, 13, 30: percautus et diligens, id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 6, 18 al.; cf. Madv. ad Cic. Fin. p. 410.—It frequently occurs in tmesi: nobis ista sunt pergrata perque jucunda, Cic. de Or. 1, 47, 205: per mihi mirum visum est, id. ib. 49, 214: per enim magni aestimo, id. Att. 10, 1, 1: ibi te quam primum per videre velim, = videre pervelim, id. ib. 15, 4, 2: Platoni per fuit familiaris, Gell. 2, 18, 1: per, inquit, magister optime, exoptatus mihi nunc venis, id. 18, 4, 2.—Per quam (also perquam), very, exceedingly, extremely: per quam breviter perstrinxi, Cic. de Or. 2, 49, 201: per quam modica civium merita, Plin. Pan. 60: per quam velim scire, very much indeed, id. Ep. 7, 27, 1: PARENTES PER QVAM INFELICISSIMI, Inscr. Murat. 953, 2.—As one word: illorum mores perquam meditate tenes, Plaut. Bacch. 3, 6, 16: propulit perquam indignis modis, id. Rud. 3, 3, 9: erat perquam onerosum, Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 13: perquam honorificum, id. ib. 3, 4, 3.—Separated by an intervening word: per pol quam paucos reperias, Ter. Hec. 1, 1, 1.—Placed after the word it governs; v. supra, I. fin. and II. B.