Hard witted to study. Durus & oratione & moribus. Cic. Rude both in wordes & maners. Vt vita, sic oratione durus, incultus, horridus. Cic. Agrestes duti. Vir. Vplandish people hardned with labour. Dura aluus. Plin. A costine belly. Amica dura. Ouid. Amor durus. Vir. Duro animo es. Ter. Thou art harde harted. Annona dura. Cic. Dearth or scarcitie of victuals. Arator durus. Virg. The hard ploughman. Arua dura. Virg. Calus durus. Virg. Catena dura. Ouid. Cautes duræ. Oui. Claustra durissima. Clau. Conditio durior. Ci. A hard and grieuous condition. Duriores legum conditiones. Cic. Rigorous. Corda dura. Ouid. Cotes duræ. Virg. Crinis durus sanguine. Stati. Haire stiffe and cluttered with bloud. Cubile durum. Virg. Curæ dure. Virg. Grieuous eares. Cutis dura. Ouid. Dolores duri. Virg. Dura domina cupiditas. Cic. Sensual lust is a heauy lady: or affection is a grieuous maistresse. Fames dura. Hor. Fata dura. Sen. Duriore fortuna conflictari. Cicer. To be troubled with aduersitie. Durum frigus. Plaut. Sharpe cold. Gens dura. Virg. Rude. Glebæ duræ. Virg. Durus homo. Cic. A cruel and rigorous man. Homo vehemens atque durus. Cic. Hyems dura. Virg. A rough and sharp winter. O dura messorum ilia. Ouid. Imperium durum. Tac. Rigorous rule or gouernement. Ingenium. Ter. A dul wit: an vngentle nature. Iter. Virg. Paineful. Iussa dura. Ouid. Hard commaundements. Labor durus. Virg. Lacerti duri. Claud. Dura lex. Plaut. A grieuous and sore lawe. Mala dura. Hor. Messor durus. Ouid. Ministeria dura. Ouid. Mors dura. Vir. Natura dura rerum. Horat. Durum & Molle nomen, contraria. Cice. Duri oculi. Plaut. Opus durum. Lucre. Os durum. Plin. Os durum, id est impudens. Ouid. Oh shamelesse fellowe. Duri oris vir. Liuius. A rigorous man harde to intreate, or rough in wordes. Duras fratris partes prædicas. Tere. My brother is in harde case by thy saring. Pater durus. Ouid. A rigorous father. Pauperies dura. Horat. Pericla dura. Hor. Durus pictor in coloribus. Pli. Blunt or rade in mixing his coloures. Duræ pœnæ. Terent. Poëta durissimus. Cic. Præcordia dura. Ouid. Prælia dura. Horat. Dura prouincia. Tere. A hard charge. Quies dur. Virg. Death. Dura est hæc res in pectore & corde. Plaut. Sapor Bacchidurus. Virg. A rough taste in wine. Senex durus ac penè agrestis. Cic. Vncurteous and rude. Durior iudicis sententia. Liu. Sore or grieuous. Dura seruitus. Plaut. Seruitium durius. Tacit. Sortes duræ. Ouid. Strata dura. Ouid. Studia. Claud. Tempora. Cic. Aduersitie: troublous state of time. Durissima Reipublicæ tempora. Cic. The most daungerous times. Valetudo dura. Hora. Sickenesse. Durum verbum: cui Molle opponitur. Cic. Vis dura. Virg. Vita dura. Ter. A wearie and paineful life. Vngue duro sancius. Claud. Vultus durus. Ouid. Dura viarum, Id est, viæ duræ. Claudius. Harde and roughe wayes. Tolerare dura. Senec. Præbere se durum miseræ & afflictæ fortunæ alicuius. Antonius Ciceroni. To shewe himselfe harde and rigorous. Asperior & durior: cui contrarium est Moderatus & mitis. Cicero. Duras alicui partes dare. To handle one hardly and roughly: to put him to the worse end of the staffe.

I. Lit.

A. Orig. as affecting the sense of feeling: et validi silices ac duri robora ferri, Lucr. 2, 449; so, silex, Verg. A. 6, 471: ferrum, Hor. C. 3, 11, 31: cautes, Verg. A. 4, 366; Ov. M. 4, 672: bipennes, Hor. C. 4, 4, 57: ligones, id. Epod. 5, 30: aratrum, id. S. 1, 1, 28: compes, id. Epod. 4, 4: pellis, Lucr. 6, 1195; Verg. G. 3, 502: arva, id. ib. 2, 341; cf. cutis, Ov. M. 8, 805: alvus, Cels. 6, 18, 9; Hor. S. 2, 4, 27: aqua, hard, i. e. containing much earthy matter, Cels. 2, 30 fin.; cf. muria, saturated with salt, Col. 6, 30 fin.; 12, 6, 1 et saep., v. muria: dumeta, i. e. rough, Ov. M. 1, 105 et saep.: gallina, tough, not yet boiled tender, Hor. S. 2, 4, 18; cf.: fungi, qui in coquendo duriores fient, Plin. 22, 23, 47, 99 et saep.— Sup.: ladanum durissimum tactu, Plin. 26, 8, 30, 48; cf.: durissimus tophus vel carbunculus, Col. 3, 11, 7 et saep.—As subst.: dūrum, i, n.

(a). E duro (sc. ligno), of the hardened wood of the vine, Col. 3, 6, 2; 3, 10, 15; 21 et saep.; cf. duramentum.—

(b). Durum cacare, Mart. 3, 89, 2.—

B. Transf.

1. As affecting the sense of taste: vinum, opp. suavis, hard, harsh, Pall. Oct. 14, 5; cf.: sapor Bacchi, Verg. G. 4, 102: acetum, Ser. Samm. 40 and 351.—

2. As affecting the ear: vocis genera permulta: ... grave acutum, flexibile durum, Cic. N. D. 2, 58, 146; cf. Quint. 11, 3, 15 and 32.—Hence, in rhet., hard, rough (cf. asper, II.): aspera et dura et dissoluta et hians oratio, Quint. 8, 6, 62: consonantes, id. 11, 3, 35: syllabae, id. 12, 10, 30: verba, id. 8, 3, 32 sq.; cf. id. 1, 5, 72: compositio, id. 9, 4, 142.

II. Trop.

A. Opp. to cultivated, rough, rulde, uncultivated: Q. Aelius Tubero ut vita sic oratione durus, incultus, horridus, Cic. Brut. 31; cf.: (Stoici) horridiores evadunt, asperiores, duriores, et oratione et moribus, id. Fin. 4, 28, 78; id. Mur. 29: Attilius poëta durissimus, id. Att. 14, 20, 3: C. Marius, qui durior ad haec studia videbatur, id. Arch. 9, 19; cf. Quint. 10, 1, 93; 8 prooem. 26; Hor. S. 1, 4, 8 al.: pictor durus in coloribus, Plin. 35, 11, 40, 137; cf. Quint. 12, 10, 7: Fauni, gens duro robore nata, Verg. A. 8, 315; cf.: terrea progenies duris caput extulit arvis, id. G. 2, 341; cf. also Stat. Th. 4, 276 sq.; Ov. Tr. 3, 11, 8.—

2. But sometimes as a praiseworthy quality, opp. to soft, weakly, hardy, vigorous (esp. freq. in poets): fortes et duri Spartiatae, Cic. Tusc. 1, 43; cf.: Ligures, durum in armis genus, Liv. 27, 48: durum genus experiensque laborum, hardy, Ov. M. 1, 414: unde homines nati, durum genus, Verg. G. 1, 63 (cf. la=as and lao/s, Pind. Ol. 9, 71): gens dura atque aspera cultu, a hardy race, id. A. 5, 730: genus humanum durius, tellus quod dura creāsset, Lucr. 5, 926: Dardanidae, Verg. A. 3, 94: Hannibal, Hor. C. 2, 12, 2: Iberia, id. ib. 4, 14, 50: vindemiator, id. S. 1, 7, 29; cf.: ilia messorum, id. Epod. 3, 4: juvenci, Ov. M. 3, 584 et saep. —

B. Opp. to morally mild, gentle, harsh, rough, stern, unyielding, unfeeling, insensible, obstinate: quis se tam durum agrestemque praeberet, qui, etc., Cic. Or. 43, 148; cf.: quis nostrum animo tam agresti et duro fuit, ut? etc., id. Arch. 8: neque sunt audiendi, qui virtutem duram et quasi ferream esse quandam volunt, id. Lael. 13 fin.; ingenio esse duro atque inexorabili, Ter. Ph. 3, 2, 12: satis pater durus fui, id. Heaut. 3, 1, 30; cf. id. Ad. 1, 1, 39; Cic. Cael. 16; Hor. S. 1, 2, 17: Varius qui est habitus judex durior, Cic. Fin. 2, 19, 62: cf. Caes. B. C. 3, 20, 4: mala vel duri lacrimas motura Catonis, Luc. 9, 50: duriorem se praebere alicujus miserae et afflictae fortunae, Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 14, 13 A (cf. opp. at the end of the letter: se placabiliorem praebere): duri hominis vel potius vix hominis videtur, periculum capitis inferre multis, Cic. Off. 2, 14, 50; Hor. C. 4, 1, 7: quid nos dura refugimus aetas? id. ib. 1, 35, 34: ōs durum, shameless, impudent, Ter. Eun. 4, 7, 36 Ruhnk.; Cic. Quint. 24 fin.; Ov. M. 5, 451: cor, Vulg. Sirach, 3, 27 et saep. Of the austerity of the Stoic mode of living, v. above, A.—

C. Of things, hard, severe, toilsome; troublesome, burdensome, disagreeable; adverse, unfortunate: opulento homini hoc servitus dura est, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 12; so, servitus, Cic. Rep. 1, 44; 2, 25; cf. lex, Plaut. Merc. 4, 6, 1: condicio, Cic. Rab. Post. 6 fin.: provincia, Ter. Ph. 1, 2, 23; cf. partes, id. Eun. 2, 3, 62; Anton. ap. Cic. Att. 10, 8 A: dolor, Lucr. 3, 460: labor, id. 5, 1272: subvectiones, Caes. B. G. 7, 10, 1: venatus, Ov. M. 4, 307: dura cultu et aspera plaga, Liv. 45, 30 fin.: durissimo tempore anni, Caes. B. G. 7, 8, 2; cf. id. B. C. 3, 25, 3; Hirt. B. G. 8, 5 fin.: morbum acrem ac durum, Plaut. Men. 5, 2, 119; cf. valetudo, Hor. S. 2, 2, 88: dolores, Verg. A. 5, 5: frigus, Plaut. Men. 5, 6, 10: fames, Hor. S. 1, 2, 6: pauperies, id. C. 4, 9, 49: causa, Lucr. 3, 485; Quint. 4, 1, 25; Hor. S. 1, 10, 26: nomen (opp. molle), Cic. Off. 1, 12: verbum, id. Brut. 79, 274: propositio, Quint. 4, 5, 5 et saep.: De. Etiamne id lex coëgit? Ph. Illud durum, Ter. Ph. 2, 1, 8; so in the neutr. sing., Quint. 11, 1, 85; 12, 1, 36; Hor. S. 1, 9, 42 et saep.; cf. ellipt.: non vanae redeat sanguis imagini ... Durum: sed levius fit patientia, etc., Hor. C. 1, 24, 19. In plur. subst.: dura, ōrum, n., hardships, difficulties: siccis omnia dura deus proposuit, Hor. C. 1, 18, 3; id. Ep. 2, 1, 141; Sen. Oedip. 208; Verg. A. 8, 522: ego dura tuli, Ov. M. 9, 544 al. (In fem. plur. ellipt., sc. partes, Ter. Heaut. 2, 4, 22 very dub.).— Comp.: hi, si quid erat durius, concurrebant, if any unusual difficulty occurred, Caes. B. G. 1, 48, 6; 5, 29, 6; id. B. C. 3, 94, 6.—Adv. posit. in two forms: dūrĭter and dūre.

A. (Acc. to 1. A.) Hardly: juga premunt duriter colla (boum), Vitr. 10, 8.—Comp.: durius, Vitr. 10, 15 fin.—

B. (Acc. to II. A.-C.)

1. Hardly, stiffly, awkwardly: membra moventes Duriter, Lucr. 5, 1401: duriter, Auct. Her. 4, 10, 15; Gell. 17, 10, 15: dure, Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 66; Quint. 9, 4, 58; 10, 2, 19; Gell. 18, 11, 2.—Comp., Ov. R. Am. 337; Hor. S. 2, 3, 22; Quint. 8, 6, 24; 9, 4, 15; 117.—

b. Hardily, rigorously, austerely: vitam parce ac duriter agebat, Ter. And. 1, 1, 47; id. Ad. 1, 1, 20; Novius ap. Non. 512.—

2. Harshly, roughly, sternly: quam tibi ex ore orationem duriter dictis dedit, Enn. Trag. v. 348 Vahl.: duriter, Afran. Com. v. 251 Rib.; Ter. Ad. 4, 5, 28.— Comp., Cic. Lig. 6; id. Att. 1, 1, 4; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; Caes. B. C. 1, 22 fin.; Tac. Agr. 16; id. A. 3, 52; Sen. Ep. 8; Vulg. Gen. 42, 7.—Sup., Hadrian. in Dig. 47, 14, 1.—

3. Hardly, unfavorably, unfortunately: durius cadentibus rebus, Suet. Tib. 14 fin.