ὁ, ἡ, τό, epic forms, gen. τοῖο, du. τοῖιν, pl. τοί, ταί, gen. τᾶ́ων, dat. τοῖσι, τῆσ(ι): (1) as demonstrative pronoun, that, those, often merely an emphatic he, she, it, pl. they, them;οὐδὲ παλαιῶν (γυναικῶν), τᾶ́ων αἳ πάρος ἦσαν, those ancient, Od. 2.119; the emphatic after-position being common when the word is adjectival, cf. Il. 5.320, 332; the pron. is often foll. by a name in apposition, αὐτὰρ ὃ μήνιε.. Ἀχιλλεύσ, he, namely Achilles, Il. 1.488 ; ἣ δ' ἕσπετο Παλλὰς Ἀθήνη, Od. 1.125; freq. ὃ μὲν.. ὃ δέ, τὸ μὲν.. τὸ δέ, etc., the one.. the other, this.. that, etc. The word should be accented when used as a demonstrative.—(2) as definite article, the, a use denied by some to Homer, but the sense imperatively demands the later weakened force in many passages, and does not admit the stronger, Αἴᾶς δ' ὁ μέγας, Il. 16.358; αἰὲν ἀποκτείνων τὸν ὀπίστατον, Il. 8.342; τά τ̓ ἐόντα τά τ̓ ἐσσόμενα, Il. 1.70, and oftenest w. adjectives.—(3) as relative pronoun, who, which, esp., but not exclusively, the forms beginning with τ. The masc. sing. as rel. occurs, Il. 16.835, Il. 21.59, 230, Od. 1.254, Od. 2.262, Od. 4.777; πατρὸς, ὅ σ' ἔτρεφε τυτθὸν ἐόντα, Od. 11.67. τέ is often appended to the word when used relatively, ταί τε, ὅ τε, Od. 12.40.—For ὅ γε, see ὅγε.
ὁ, ἡ, τό, is, when thus written, A. demonstr. Pronoun. B. in Att., definite or prepositive Article. C. in Ep., the so-called postpositive Article, = relative Pronoun, ὅς, ἥ, ὅ.— The nom. masc. and fem. sg. and pl., ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ, have no accent in codd. and most printed books, exc. when used as the relative; but ὁ, ἡ, οἱ, αἱ differ only in writing from ὃ, ἣ, οἳ, αἳ; the nom. forms of the article are said by Hdn.Gr.1.474 to be oxytone, and by A.D.Pron.8.7 not to be enclitic. The forms τῶν, τοῖς, ταῖσ were barytone (i. e. τὼν, τοὶς, ταὶσ) in Aeol. acc. to Aristarch. ap. A.D.Synt.51.26. For οἱ, αἱ some dialects (not Cypr., cf. Inscr.Cypr.135.30H., nor Cret., cf.Leg.Gort. 5.28, nor Lesbian, cf. Alc.81, Sapph.Supp.5.1) and Hom. have τοί, ταί (though οἱ, αἱ are also found in Hom.): other Homeric forms are gen. sg. τοῖο, gen. and dat. dual τοῖινOd.18.34, al.: gen. pl. fem. τάων [ᾱ], dat. τοῖσι, τῇσ and τῇσι, never ταῖσι or ταῖσ in Hom.— In Dor. and all other dialects exc. Att. and Ion. the fem. forms preserve the old ᾱ instead of changing it to η, hence Dor. etc. ἁ, τάν, τᾶσ; the gen. pl. τάων contracts in many dialects to τᾶν; the gen. sg. is in many places τῶ, acc. pl. τώς, but Cret., etc., τόνσ (Leg.Gort.7.7, al.) or τόσ (ib.3.50, al.); in Lesbian Aeol. the acc. pl. forms are τοὶς, ταὶς,IG12(2).645 A13, B62; dat. pl. τοῖς, ταῖσ (or τοὶς, ταὶς, v. supr.), ib.645 A8, ib.1.6; ταῖσι as demonstr., Sapph. 16. The Att. Poets also used the Ion. and Ep. forms τοῖσι, ταῖσι; and in Trag. we find τοὶ μέν .., τοὶ δέ .., for οἱ μέν .., οἱ δέ .., not only in lyr., as A.Pers.584, Th.295,298; οἱ μέν ..τοὶ δ'S.Aj.1404 (anap.); but even in a trimeter, A.Pers.424. In Att. the dual has usu. only one gender, τὼ θεώ (for τὰ θεά) And.1.113 sq.; τὼ πόλεε Foed. ap. Th.5.23; τὼ ἡμέραX.Cyr.1.2.11; τὼ χεῖρεId.Mem.2.3.18; τοῖν χεροῖνPl.Tht.155e; τοῖν γενεσέοινId.Phd.71e; τοῖν πολέοινIsoc.4.75 (τάS.Ant.769, Ar.Eq.424,484, ταῖνLys.19.17, Is.5.16, etc. have been corrected); in Arc. the form τοῖσ functions as gen. dual fem., μεσακόθεν τοῖς κράναιυνSchwyzer664.8 (Orchom., iv B.C.):— in Elean and Boeot. ὁ, ἡ ἁ, τό, with the addition of -ί, = ὅδε, ἥδε, τόδε, nom.pl. masc. τυί̈
the following
men, Schwyzer485.14 (Thespiae, iii B.C.), al., cf. infr. VIII. 5. (With ὁ, ἁ, cf. Skt. demonstr. pron.
sa, sā,
Goth.
sa, sō,
ONorse
sá, sú,
Old Lat. acc.
sum, sam
(Enn.): — with τό [from τόδ] cf. Skt.
tat (tad),
Lat.
is-tud,
Goth.
pata
: — with τοί cf. Skt.
te,
Lith.
te,
OE.
pá,
etc.:— with τάων cf. Skt.
tāsām,
Lat.
is-tarum
:— the origin of the relative ὅς, ἥ, ὅ (q. v.) is different.) A.ὁ, ἡ, τό, DEMONSTR. PRONOUN,
that,
the oldest and in Hom. the commonest sense: freq. also in Hdt.(1.86,5.35,al.), and sts. in Trag. (mostly in lyr., A.Supp.1047, etc.; in trimeters, Id.Th.197, Ag.7, Eu. 174; τῶν γάρ .., τῆς γάρ ..,Id.Supp.358, S.OT1082; seldom in Att. Prose, exc. in special phrases, v. infr. VI, VII): I. joined with a Subst., to call attention to it, ὁ Τυδεί̈δησ
he
— Tydeus'
famous
son, Il. 11.660; τὸν Χρύσην
that venerable man
Chryses, I.II: and so with Appellat., Νέστωρ ὁ γέρων N.—
that
aged man, 7.324; αἰετοῦ ..τοῦ θηρητῆροσ the eagle,
that which is called
hunter, 21.252, al.; also to define and give emphasis, τιμῆς τῆς Πριάμου for honour,
namely that
of Priam, 20.181; οἴχετ' ἀνὴρ ὤριστοσ a man is gone,
and he
the best, 11.288, cf. 13.433, al.: sts. with words between the Pron. and Noun, αὐτὰρ ὁ αὖτε Πέλοψ 2.105; τὸν Ἕκτορι μῦθον ἐνίσπεσ 11.186, cf. 703, al.:— different from this are cases like Il.1.409 αἴ κέν πως ἐθέλῃσιν ἐπὶ Τρώεσσιν ἀρῆξαι, τοὺς δὲ κατὰ πρύμνας τε καὶ ἀμφ' ἅλα ἔλσαι Ἀχαιούσ if he would help the Trojans, but drive
those
back to the ships—
I mean
the Achaeans, where Ἀχ. is only added to explain τούς, cf. 1.472, 4.20,329, al. II. freq. without a Subst.,
he, she, it,
ὁ γὰρ ἦλθεIl.1.12, al. III. placed after its Noun, before the Relat. Prons., ἐφάμην σὲ περὶ φρένας ἔμμεναι ἄλλων, τῶν ὅσσοι Λυκίην ναιετάουσι far above the rest,
above those to wit
who, etc., Il.17.172; οἷ' οὔ πώ τιν' ἀκούομεν οὐδὲ παλαιῶν, τάων αἳ πάρος ἦσαν ..Ἀχαιαί such as we have not heard tell of yet even among the women of old,
those women to wit
who .., Od.2.119, cf. Il.5.332; θάλαμον τὸν ἀφίκετο, τόν ποτε τέκτων ξέσσενOd.21.43, cf. 1.116, 10.74:— for the Att. usage v. infr. IV. before a Possessive Pron. its demonstr. force is sts. very manifest, φθίσει σε τὸ σὸν μένοσ
that
spirit of thine, Il.6.407, cf. 11.608; but in 15.58, 16.40, and elsewh. it is merely the Art. V. for cases in which the Homeric usage approaches most nearly to the Attic, v. infr. B. init. VI.ὁ μέν .., ὁ δέ .. without a Subst., in all cases, genders, and numbers, Hom., etc.: sts. in Opposition, where ὁ μέν prop. refers to
the former,
ὁ δέ to
the latter
; more rarely ὁ μέν
the latter,
ὁ δέ
the former,
Pl.Prt.359e, Isoc.2.32,34: sts. in Partition,
the one .., the other ..,
etc.— The Noun with it is regularly in gen. pl., being divided by the ὁ μέν .., ὁ δέ .., into parts, ἠί̈θεοι καὶ παρθένοι .., τῶν δ' αἱ μὲν λεπτὰς ὀθόνας ἔχον, οἱ δὲ χιτῶνας εἵατοIl.18.595; τῶν πόλεων αἱ μὲν τυραννοῦνται, αἱ δὲ δημοκρατοῦνται, αἱ δὲ ἀριστοκρατοῦνταιPl.R.338d, etc.: but freq. the Noun is in the same case, by a kind of apposition, ἴδον υἷε Δάρητος, τὸν μὲν ἀλευάμενον τὸν δὲ κτάμενονIl.5.28, cf. Od.12.73, etc.: so in Trag. and Att., S.Ant. 22, etc.; πηγὴ ἡ μὲν εἰς αὐτὸν ἔδυ, ἡ δὲ ἔξω ἀπορρεῖPl.Phdr.255c; if the Noun be collective, it is in the gen. sg., ὁ μὲν πεπραμένος ἦν τοῦ σίτου, ὁ δὲ ἔνδον ἀποκείμενοσD.42.6: sts. a Noun is added in apposition with ὁ μέν or ὁ δέ, ὁ μὲν οὔτασ' Ἀτύμνιον ὀξέϊ δουρὶ Ἀντίλοχος .., Μάρις δὲ ..Il.16.317-19, cf. 116; τοὺς μὲν τὰ δίκαια ποιεῖν ἠνάγκασα, τοὺς πλουσίους, τοὺς δὲ πένητας κτλ.D.18.102, cf. Pl.Grg.501a, etc. 2. when a neg. accompanies ὁ δέ, it follows δέ, e.g. τὰς γοῦν Ἀθήνας οἶδα τὸν δὲ χῶρον οὔS.OC24; τὸν φιλόσοφον σοφίας ἐπιθυμητὴν εἶναι, οὐ τῆς μὲν τῆς δ' οὔ, ἀλλὰ πάσησPl.R.475b; οὐ πάσας χρὴ τὰς δόξας τιμᾶν, ἀλλὰ τὰς μὲν τὰς δ' οὔ· οὐδὲ πάντων, ἀλλὰ τῶν μὲν τῶν δ' οὔId.Cri.47a, etc. 3.ὁ μέν τις .., ὁ δέ τις .. is used in Prose, when the Noun to which ὁ refers is left indefinite, ἔλεγον ὁ μέν τις τὴν σοφίαν, ὁ δὲ τὴν καρτερίαν .., ὁ δέ τις καὶ τὸ κάλλοσX.Cyr.3.1.41; νόμους ..τοὺς μὲν ὀρθῶς τιθέασιν τοὺς δέ τινας οὐκ ὀρθῶσPl.R.339c, cf. Phlb.13c. 4. on τὸ μέν .., τὸ δέ .., or τὰ μέν .., τὰ δέ .., v. infr. VIII.4. 5.ὁ μέν is freq. used without a corresponding ὁ δέ, οἱ μὲν ἄρ' ἐσκίδναντο .., Μυρμιδόνας δ' οὐκ εἴα ἀποσκίδνασθαιIl.23.3, cf. 24.722, Th.8.12, etc.: also folld. by ἀλλά, ἡ μὲν γάρ μ' ἐκέλευε .., ἀλλ' ἐγὼ οὐκ ἔθελονOd.7.304; by ἄλλος δέ,Il.6.147, etc.; τὸν μὲν .., ἕτερον δέAr.Av.843, etc.; ὁ μέν .., ὃς δέ ..Thgn.205 (v.l. οὐδέ): less freq. ὁ δέ in the latter clause without ὁ μέν preceding, τῇ ῥα παραδραμέτην φεύγων, ὁ δ' ὄπισθε διώκων (for ὁ μὲν φεύγων) Il.22.157; σφραγῖδε ..χρυσοῦν ἔχουσα τὸν δακτύλιον, ἡ δ' ἑτέρα ἀργυροῦνIG22.1388.45, cf. μένD. III; γεωργὸς μὲν εἷς, ὁ δὲ οἰκοδόμος, ἄλλος δέ τις ὑφαντήσPl.R. 369d, cf. Tht.181d. 6.ὁ δέ following μέν sts. refers to the subject of the preceding clause, τοῦ μὲν ἅμαρθ', ὁ δὲ Λεῦκον ..βεβλήκειIl. 4.491; τὴν μὲν γενομένην αὐτοῖσι αἰτίην οὐ μάλα ἐξέφαινε, ὁ δὲ ἔλεγέ σφιHdt.6.3, cf. 1.66,6.9,133,7.6: rare in Att. Prose, ἐπεψήφιζεν αὐτὸς ἔφορος ὤν· ὁ δὲ οὐκ ἔφη διαγιγνώσκειν τὴν βοήνTh.1.87; ἔμενον ὡς κατέχοντες τὸ ἄκρον· οἱ δ' οὐ κατεῖχονX.An.4.2.6: this is different from ὁ δέ in apodosi, v. infr. 7; also from passages in which both clauses have a common verb, v. ὅ γε 11. 7.ὁ δέ is freq. used simply in continuing a narrative, Il.1.43, etc.; also used by Hom. in apodosi after a relat., v. ὅδε 111.3. 8. the opposition may be expressed otherwise than by μέν and δέ, οὔθ' ὁ ..οὔθ' ὁIl.15.417; ἢ τοῖσιν ἢ τοῖσA.Supp.439; οὔτε τοῖς οὔτε τοῖσPl.Lg.701e. VII. the following usages prevailed in Att. Prose, 1. in dialogue, after καί, it was usual to say in nom. sg. masc. καὶ ὅσ; in the other cases the usual forms of the Art. were used (v. ὅσA. II.I and cf. Skt.
sas,
alternat. form of
sa
); so, in acc., καὶ τὸν εἰπεῖνPl.Smp.174a, cf. X.Cyr.1.3.9, etc.; also in Hdt., καὶ τὴν φράσαι 6.61, al. 2.ὁ καὶ ὁ
such and such,
τῇ καὶ τῇ ἀτιμίᾳPl.Lg.721b: but mostly in acc., καί μοι κάλει τὸν καὶ τόνLys.1.23, cf. Pl.Lg.784d; τὰ καὶ τὰ πεπονθώσD.21.141, cf. 9.68; τὸ καὶ τόId.18.243; ἀνάγκη ἄρα τὸ καὶ τό it must then be
so and so,
Arist.Rh.1401a4, cf. 1413a22; but τὰ καὶ τά
now one thing, now another,
of good and bad, τὸν δ' ἀγαθὸν τολμᾶν χρὴ τά τε καὶ τὰ φέρεινThgn.398, cf. Pi.P.5.55,7.20, al.; τῶν τε καὶ τῶν καιρόνId.O. 2.53; so πάντα τοῦ μετρίου μεταβαλλόμενα ἐπὶ τὰ καὶ ἐπὶ τά, of excess and defect, Hp.Acut.46; cf. A. VI.8. VIII. abs. usages of single cases, 1. fem. dat. τῇ, of Place,
there, on that spot, here, this way, that way,
Il.5.752,858, al.: folld. by ᾗ, 13.52, etc.: also in Prose, τὸ μὲν τῇ, τὸ δὲ τῇX.Ath.2.12. b. with a notion of motion towards,
that way, in that direction,
Il.10.531,11.149, 12.124; τῇ ἴμεν ᾗ .. 15.46; δελφῖνες τῇ καὶ τῇ ἐθύνεον ἰχθυάοντεσHes.Sc.210:— only poet. c. of Manner, τῇ περ τελευτήσεσθαι ἔμελλεν
in this way, thus,
Od.8.510. d. repeated, τῇ μέν .., τῇ δέ ..,
in one way .., in another ..,
or
partly .., partly ..,
E.Or.356, Pl.Smp.211a, etc.: without μέν, τῇ μᾶλλον, τῇ δ' ἧσσονParm.8.48. e. relat.,
where, by which way,
only Ep., as Il.12.118, Od.4.229. 2. neut. dat. τῷ,
therefore, on this account,
freq. in Hom., Il.1.418, 2.254, al. (v. infr.): also in Trag., A.Pr.239, S.OT510 (lyr.); in Prose, τῳ̂ τοι ..Pl.Tht. 179d, Sph.230b. b.
thus, so,
Il.2.373, 13.57, etc.: it may also, esp. when εἰ precedes, be translated,
then, if this be so, on this condition,
Od.1.239,3.224,258,al., Theoc.29.11.— In Hom. the true form is prob. τῶ, as in cod. A, or τώ, cf. A.D.Adv.199.2. 3. neut. acc. τό,
wherefore,
Il.3.176, Od.8.332, al., S.Ph.142(lyr.); also τὸ δέ abs., but
the fact is ..,
Pl.Ap.23a, Men.97c, Phd.109d, Tht. 157b, R.340d, Lg.967a; even when the τό refers to what precedes, the contrast may lie not in the thing referred to, but in another part of the sentence (cf. supr. VI. 6), τὸ δ' ἐπὶ κακουργίᾳ ..ἐπετήδευσανTh.1.37; τὸ δὲ ..ἡμῖν μᾶλλον περιέσταιId.2.89; φασὶ δέ τινες αὐτὸν καὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ σοφῶν γεγονέναι· τὸ δὲ οὐκ ἦν but he was not, Nic.Dam.58J. 4.τὸ μέν .., τὸ δέ ..,
partly .., partly ..,
or
on the one hand .., on the other ..,
Th.7.36, etc., cf.Od.2.46; more freq. τὰ μέν .., τὰ δέ ..,Hdt.1.173, S.Tr.534, etc.; also τὰ μέν τι .., τὰ δέ τι ..X.An.4.1.14; τὸ μέν τι .., τὸ δέ τι ..Luc.Macr.14; τὰ μέν .., τὸ δὲ πλέον ..Th.1.90: sts. without τὸ μέν .. in the first clause, τὸ δέ τιId.1.107,7.48: rarely of Time, τὰ μὲν πολλὰ .., τέλος δέ several
times ..
and finally, Hdt.3.85. 5. of Time, sts.
that
time, sts.
this
(present) time, συνμαχία κ' ἔα ἑκατὸν fέτεα, ἄρχοι δέ κα τοί̈ (where it is possible, but not necessary, to supply fέτοσ) SIG9.3 (Olympia, vi B.C.): so with Preps., ἐκ τοῦ, Ep. τοῖο, from
that
time, Il.1.493,15.601. b.πρὸ τοῦ, sts. written προτοῦ,
before this, aforetime,
Hdt.1.103,122,5.55, A.Ag.1204, Ar.Nu.5, etc.; ἐν τῳ̂ πρὸ τοῦ χρόνῳTh.1.32, cf. A.Eu.462; τὸ πρὸ τοῦD.S.20.59. c. in Thess. Prose, ὑππρὸ τᾶσ
yesterday,
τὰ ψαφίσματα τό τε ὑππρὸ τᾶς γενόμενον καὶ τὸ τᾶμον the decree which was passed
yesterday
(lit. before
this
[day]), and to-day's, IG9(2).517.43 (Larissa, iii B.C.). 6.ἐν τοῖσ is freq. used in Prose with Superlatives, ἐν τοῖσι θειότατον a
Aristid.Or.43(1).16, cf. 37(2).2: when used with fem. Nouns, ἐν τοῖσ remained without change of gender, ἐν τοῖς πλεῖσται δὴ νῆεσ the greatest number of ships, Th.3.17; ἐν τοῖς πρώτη ἐγένετο (sc. ἡ στάσισ) ib.82: also with Advbs., ἐν τοῖς μάλισταId.8.90, Pl.Cri.52a, Plu.2.74e, 421d, 723e, Brut.6, 11,al., Paus.1.16.3, etc.; ἐν τοῖς χαλεπώταταTh.7.71; τὴν Αἴγυπτον ἐν τοῖς μάλιστα μελάγγειον οὖσανPlu.2.364c: in late Prose, also with Positives, ἐν τοῖς παράδοξονAristid.Or.48(24).47 codd.; with πάνυ, ἐν τοῖς πάνυD.H.1.19, cf. 66 (ἐν ταῖς πάνυ f.l. 4.14,15). B.ὁ, ἡ, τό, THE DEFINITE ARTICLE,
the,
to specify individuals: rare in this signf. in the earliest Gr., becoming commoner later. In Hom. the demonstr. force can generally be traced, v. supr. A. I, but the definite Art. must be recognized in places like Il.1.167,7.412, 9.309, 12.289, Od.19.372: also when joined to an Adj. to make it a Subst., αἰὲν ἀποκτείνων τὸν ὀπίστατον
the hindmost man,
Il.11.178; τὸν ἄριστον 17.80; τὸν δύστηνον 22.59; τὸν προὔχοντα 23.325; τῳ̂ πρώτῳ .., τῳ̂ δευτέρῳ .., etc., ib.265sq.; also in τῶν ἄλλων 2.674, al.: with Advs., τὸ πρίν 24.543, al.; τὸ πάρος περ 17.720; τὸ πρόσθεν 23.583; also τὸ τρίτον ib.733; τὰ πρῶτα 1.6,al.; τὸ μὲν ἄλλο for
the
rest, 23.454; ἀνδρῶν τῶν τότε 9.559.— The true Art., however, is first fully established in fifth-cent. Att., whilst the demonstr. usage disappears, exc. in a few cases, V. A. VI-VIII.— Chief usages, esp. in Att. I. not only with common Appellats., Adjs., and Parts., to specify them as present to sense or mind, but also freq. where we use the Possessive Pron., τὸ κέαρ ηὐφράνθηνAr.Ach.5; τὴν κεφαλὴν κατεάγην
my
head was broken, And.1.61, etc.; τοὺς φίλους ποιούμεθα we make
our
friends, S.Ant.190; τὰς πόλεις ἔκτιζον they began founding
their
cities, Th.1.12; οὐχ ὑπὲρ τὴν οὐσίαν ποιούμενοι τοὺς παῖδασPl.R.372b. b. omitted with pr.nn.and freq. with Appellats. which require no specification, as θεός, βασιλεύς, v. θεόσ 1.1, βασιλεύσ III; ἐμ πόλει in
the
Acropolis, IG12.4.1, al.: but added to pr. nn., when attention is to be called to the previous mention of the person, as Th.(3.70) speaks first of Πειθίασ and then refers to him repeatedly as ὁ Π.; cf. Θράσυλοσ in Id.8.104, with ὁ Θ. ib.105; or when the person spoken of is to be specially distinguished, Ζεύς, ὅστις ὁ Ζεύσ whoever
this
Zeus is, E.Fr.480; and therefore properly omitted when a special designation follows, as Σωκράτης ὁ φιλόσοφοσ: seldom in Trag. with pr. nn., save to give pecul. emphasis, like Lat.
ille,
ὁ Λάϊος, ὁ Φοῖβος,S.OT729, El.35, etc.: later, however, the usage became very common (the Homeric usage of ὁ with a pr. n. is different, v. A.I). c. Aristotle says Σωκράτησ meaning the historical Socrates, as in SE183b7, PA642a28, al., but ὁ Σωκράτησ when he means the Platonic Socrates, as Pol.1261a6, al.: so with other pr.nn., EN1145a21, 1146a21, al. d. for Σαῦλος ὁ καὶ Παῦλος, etc., v. καίB.2. 2. in a generic sense, where the individual is treated as a type, οἷς ὁ γέρων μετέῃσιν ..λεύσσειIl.3.109; πονηρὸν ὁ συκοφάντησD.18.242, etc. b. freq. with abstract Nouns, ἥ τε ἐλπὶς καὶ ὁ ἔρωσTh.3.45, etc. 3. of outstanding members of a class, ὁ γεωγράφος, ὁ κωμικός, ὁ ποιητής, ὁ τεχνικός, v. γεωγράφος, κωμικός, ποιητής, τεχνικός.4. with infs., which thereby become Substs., τὸ εἴργειν prevention, Pl.Grg.505b; τὸ φρονεῖν good sense, S.Ant.1348(anap.), etc.: when the subject is expressed it is put between the Art.and the inf., τὸ θεοὺς εἶναι
the
existence of gods, Pl.Phd. 62b; τὸ μηδένα εἶναι ὄλβιον
the fact
or
statement
that no one is happy, Hdt.1.86. 5. in neut. before any word or expression which itself is made the object of thought, τὸ ἄνθρωποσ
the word
or
notion
man; τὸ λέγω
the word
λέγω; τὸ μηδὲν ἄγαν
the sentiment
'ne quid nimis', E.Hipp.265(lyr.); τὸ τῇ αὐτῇ
the phrase
τῇ αὐτῇ,Pl.Men.72e: and so before whole clauses, ἡ δόξα ..περὶ τοῦ οὕστινας δεῖ ἄρχειν the opinion about
'I will give back, if ..', X.Cyr. 5.1.21, cf. Pl.R.327c, etc.; τοὺς τοῦ τί πρακτέον λογισμούσD.23.148; τὸ ὀλίγοι
the term
few, Arist.Pol.1283b11. 6. before relat. clauses, when the Art. serves to combine the whole relat. clause into one notion, τῇ ᾗ φὴς σὺ σκληρότητι
the
harshness you speak of, Pl.Cra.435a; τὸν ἥμερον καρπόν .., καὶ τὸν ὅσος ξύλινοσ (i.e. καὶ τὸν καρπὸν ὅσος ἂν ᾖ ξύλινοσ) Id.Criti.115b; τῶν ὅσοι ἂν ..ἀγαθοὶ κριθῶσινId.R.469b; ἐκ γῆς καὶ πυρὸς μείξαντες καὶ τῶν ὅσα πυρὶ καὶ γῇ κεράννυταιId.Prt.320d, cf. Hyp.Lyc.2; ταύτην τε τὴν αἰτίαν καὶ τὴν ὅθεν ἡ κίνησισArist.Metaph.987a8; τὸν ὃς ἔφηLys.23.8: hence the relat., by attraction, freq. follows the case of the Art., τοῖς οἵοις ἡμῖν τε καὶ ὑμῖν, i.e. τοῖς οὖσιν οἷοι ἡμεῖς καὶ ὑμεῖς,X.HG2.3.25, etc. 7. before Prons., a. before the pers. Prons., giving them greater emphasis, but only in acc., τὸν ἐμέPl.Tht.166a,Phlb.20b; τὸν ..σὲ καὶ ἐμέ ib.59b; τὸν αὑτόνId.Phdr.258a; on ὁ αὐτός, v. αὐτόσ 111. b. before the interrog. Pron. (both τίσ and ποῖοσ), referring to something before, which needs to be more distinctly specified, A.Pr.251, Ar.Pax696; also τὰ τί; because οἷα went before, ib.693. Of τίσ only the neut. is thus used (v.supr.): ποῖοσ is thus used not only in neut. pl., τὰ ποῖα; E.Ph.707; but also in the other genders, ὁ ποῖοσ; ib. 1704; τῆς ποίας μερίδοσ; D.18.64; τοῖς ποίοις ..; Arist.Ph.227b1. c. with τοιοῦτος, τοιόσδε, τηλικοῦτος, etc., the Art. either makes the Pron. into a Subst., ὁ τοιοῦτοσ
that sort of person,
X.Mem.4.2.21, etc.; or subjoins it to a Subst. which already has an Art., τὴν ἀπολογίαν τὴν τοιαύτηνD.41.13. 8. before ἅπας,Pi.N.1.69, Hdt.3.64, 7.153 (s.v.l.), S.OC1224 (lyr.), D.18.231, etc.; also τὸν ἕνα, τὸν ἕνα τοῦτον,Arist.Pol.1287b8, 1288a19: on its usage with ἕκαστος, v. sub voc.; and on οἱ ἄλλοι, οἱ πολλοί, etc., v. ἄλλοσ 11.6, πολύσ 11.3, etc. 9. the Art. with the Comp. is rare, if ἤ follows, S.Ant.313, OC796. II. elliptic expressions: 1. before the gen. of a pr.., to express descent,
son
or
daughter,
Θουκυδίδης ὁ Ὀλόρου (sc. υἱόσ) Th.4.104; Ἑλένη ἡ τοῦ Διόσ (sc. θυγάτηρ) E.Hel.470: also to denote other relationships, e.g.
brother,
Lys.32.24, Alciphr.2.2.10; ἡ Σμικυθίωνος Μελιστίχη M.
the wife
of S., Ar.Ec.46; Κλέαρχος καὶ οἱ ἐκείνου Cl. and his
men,
X.An.1.2.15; ὁ τοῦ Ἀντιγένεοσ
the slave
of A., Hp.Hum.20. 2. generally, before a gen. it indicates a wider relation, as τὸ τῶν νεῶν, τὸ τῶν Ἑρμῶν,
the matter of
the ships,
the affair of
the Hermae, Th.4.23,6.60; τὰ τοῦ Ἀρριβαίου πράσσειν to promote
ib.55; τὰ γὰρ φθιτῶν τοῖς ὁρῶσι κόσμοσ performance of
the rites due to
the dead befits the living, E.Supp.78(lyr.); τὰ τῶν θεῶν
that which is destined
by the gods, S.Tr.498(lyr.): hence with neut. of Possessive Pron., τὸ ἐμόν, τὸ σόν,
what regards
me or thee, my or thy business or interests, S.Aj.124, El.251, etc.: and with gen. of 3 pers., τὸ τῆσδεE.Hipp.48. But τό τινοσ is freq. also,
a man's word
or
saying,
as τὸ τοῦ ΣόλωνοσHdt.1.86; τὸ τοῦ Ὁμήρου
as
Homer says, Pl.Tht.183e; also τά τινοσ so-and-so's
house,
Ar.V.1432, D.54.7, Theoc.2.76, Herod.5.52, Ev.Luc.2.49. 3. very freq. with cases governed by Preps ..αἱ ἐκ τῆς Ζακύνθου νῆεσ
the
ships from Zacynthus, Th.4.13; οἱ ἀμφί τινα, οἱ περί τινα, such an one and his followers, v. ἀμφί c.1.3, περί c.1.2; also τὰ ἐπὶ Θρᾴκησ
the
Thrace-ward
district,
Th.1.59, al.; τὰ ἀπὸ τοῦ καταστρώματοσ
matters
on deck, Id.7.70; τὰ ἀπ' Ἀλκιβιάδου
the proposals
of Alcibiades, Id.8.48; τὰ ἀπὸ τῆς τύχησ
the incidents
of fortune, Id.2.87, etc. 4. on μὰ τόν, μὰ τήν, etc., v. μά IV. 5. in elliptical phrases, ἐπορευόμην τὴν ἔξω τείχουσ (sc. ὁδόν) Pl.Ly.203a; ἡ ἐπὶ θανάτῳ (sc. στολή, δέσισ), v. θάνατοσ; κατὰ τὴν ἐμήν (sc. γνώμην), v. ἐμόσ 11.4; ἡ αὔριον (sc. ἡμέρα), v. αὔριον; ἡ Λυδιστί (sc. ἁρμονία) Arist.Pol.1342b32, etc.: freq. with Advs., which thus take an adj. sense, as ὁ, ἡ, τὸ νῦν; ὁ οἴκαδε πλοῦσTh.1.52; οἱ τότε, οἱ ἔπειτα (sc. ἄνθρωποι), ib.9,10, etc.; but τό stands abs. with Advs. of time and place, when one cannot (as in the preceding instances) supply a Subst., as κἀκεῖσε καὶ τὸ δεῦροE.Ph.266, cf.[315] (lyr.); ὁ μὲν τὸ κεῖθεν, ὁ δὲ τὸ κεῖθενId.Or.1412(lyr.): rarely abs. in gen., ἰέναι τοῦ πρόσω to go forward, X.An.1.3.1; τοῦ προσωτάτω δραμεῖνS.Aj.731. C. as RELATIVE PRONOUN in many dialects; both in nom. sg. masc. ὅ, as κλῦθί μοι, ὃ χθιζὸς θεὸς ἤλυθεσOd.2.262, cf. 1.300, al.; Ἔρως, ὃ κατ' ὀμμάτων στάζεις πόθονE.Hipp.526(lyr.); Ἄδωνις, ὃ κἠν Ἀχέροντι φιλεῖταιTheoc.15.86; ὃ ἐξορύξη
he who
banishes him, Schwyzer679.12,25 (Cyprus); and in the forms beginning with τ, esp. in Hom. (Od.4.160, al.), Hdt.1.7, al.: also in Ion. Poets, ἐν τῷ κάθημαιArchil.87.3, cf. Semon.7.3, Anacr.86 (prob.), Herod.2.64, al.: freq. in Trag., τῆσS.OC1258, Tr.381,728, E.Alc.883 (anap.); τῷS.Ph.14; τήνId.OC747, Tr.47, El.1144; τόId.OT1427; τῶν ib. 1379, Ant.1086.— Never in Com. or Att. Prose:— Ep. gen. sg. τεῦIl.18.192(s.v.l.). D. CRASIS OF ARTICLE: a. Att. ὁ, ἡ, τό, with ᾰ make ᾱ, as ἁνήρ, ἁλήθεια, τἀγαθόν, τᾄτιον; so οἱ, αἱ, τά, as ἅνδρες, τἀγαθά; also τοῦ, τῷ, as τἀγαθοῦ, τἀγαθῷ: ὁ, τό, οἱ, before e gives ου, οὑξ, οὑπί, οὑμός, τοὔργον, οὑπιχώριοι, etc.; also τοῦ, as τοὐμοῦ, τοὐπιόντοσ; but ἅτερος, θάτερον (̄̆̆), Ion. οὕτερος, τοὔτερον (v. ἕτεροσ), Att. fem. ἡτέρα, dat. θητέρᾳ (v. ἕτεροσ); τῷ loses the iota, τὠμῷ, τὠπιόντι: ὁ, τό, before ο gives ου, as Οὁδυσσεύς, Οὑλύμπιος, τοὔνομα: ὁ, τό, etc., before αυ gives ᾱυ, αὑτός, ταὐτό, ταὐτῷ (freq. written ἁτός, etc. in Inscrr. and Pap.); so τὰ αὐτά=ταὐτά, αἱ αὐταί=αὑταί: ἡ before εὐ gives ηὑ, as ηὑλάβεια: τῇ before ἡ gives θη, as θἠμέρᾳ: τὸ before ὑ gives θου, as θοὔδωρ for τὸ ὕδωρ.b. other dialects: in their treatment of crasis these follow the local laws of contraction, hence, e.g., Dor. ὡξ from ὁ ἐξTheoc.1.65, ὥλαφοσ from ὁ ἔλαφοσ ib.135; Ion. ᾡσυμνήτησ from ὁ αἰσ-SIG57.45 (Milet., v B.C.); ὡυτή from ἡ αὐτήHeraclit.60, etc.