δέ: but, and; strictly neither adversative nor copulative, but used to offset statements or parts of statements; such offsetting or coördination (parataxis) by means of δέ, when it appears in place of the to us more familiar subordination of ideas (hypotaxis), gives rise to the translation while, though, for, etc. Hence δέ appears even in the apodosis of conditional or temporal sentences, οἳ δ' ἐπεὶ οὖν ἤγερθεν.. τοῖσι δ̓ ἀνιστάμενος μετέφη, when they were all assembled, then arose Achilles, Il. 1.57, 137. The other extreme, of an apparently adversative force, is best seen in negative sentences where δέ is (rarely) used for ἀλλά, Od. 9.145. With other particles, καὶ (also) δέ, (δέ) τε, ἄρα, αὖ, δή. δέ is placed as second (or third) word in its clause, but a vocative is not counted, Od. 3.247.
[Remark: this dictionary entry has no valid XML/HTML content in database so a text version of this entry is shown.]: <G>de/</G>, <tr>but</tr>: adversative and copulative Particle, <p><b>I.</b> answering to <G>me/n</G> (q. v.), <cit><G>th\n nu=n me\n *boiwti/an, pro/teron de\ *kadmhi/da gh=n kaloume/nhn</G> <author>Th.</author>1.12</cit>, etc. <p><b>II.</b> without preceding <G>me/n,</G> <p><b>1.</b> adversative, expressing dist. opposition, <G>ai)ei/ toi ta\ ka/k' e)sti\ fi/la ..manteu/esqai, e)sqlo\n d' ou)/te ti/ pw ei)=pas</G> ll.1.108; <cit><G>o)rqw=s e)/lecas, ou) fi/lws de/ moi le/geis</G> <author>E.</author><title>Or.</title>100</cit>, cf. <author>S.</author><title>Ant.</title>85, etc.; <cit><G>te/qnhken a)ndro\s ou)deno/s, qeou= d' u(/po</G> <author>Id.</author><title>Ph.</title>334</cit>; so in Prose, <cit><G>ou)k e)pi\ kakw=|, e)leuqerw/sei de/ ..</G> <author>Th.</author>4.86</cit>; <cit><G>oi( ai)xma/lwtoi ..w)/|xonto ei)s *deke/leian, oi( d' ei)s *me/gara</G> <author>X.</author><title>HG</title>1.2.14</cit>, cf. <title>Cyr.</title>4.5.46; <cit><G>h( d' e(te/ra</G> <title>IG</title>2.652<hi rend=ital>A</hi>45</cit>. <p><b>2.</b> copulative, <p><b>a.</b> in explanatory clauses, <G>cune/bhsan ..ta\ makra\ tei/xh e(lei=n </G>(<G>h)=n de\ stadi/wn ma/lista o)ktw/</G>) <author>Th.</author>4.66, cf. <author>Il.</author>7.48: when a <pos>Subst.</pos> is folld. by words in apposition, <cit><G>*)aristago/rh| tw=| *milhsi/w|, dou/lw| de\ h(mete/rw|</G> <author>Hdt.</author>7.8</cit>.<cit><G>b'; mh/thr basile/ws basi/leia d' e)mh/</G> <author>A.</author><title>Pers.</title>152</cit>; so in answers, <G>dipla= le/gein.</G> —<br>Answ. <cit><G>dipla=d' o(ra=n</G> <author>Id.</author><title>Th.</title>974</cit>. <p><b>b.</b> in enumerations or transitions, <author>Il.</author>1.43-49,345-351, <author>X.</author><title>Cyr.</title>1.2.1, etc.; with repetition of a word in different relations, <cit><G>w(\s *)axileu\s qa/mbhsen .., qa/mbhsan de\ kai\ a)/lloi</G> <author>Il.</author>24.483</cit>; <cit><G>sa/kos ei(=le .., ei(/leto d' e)/gxos</G> 14.9</cit> sq.; <cit><G>*zeu/s e)stin ai)qh/r, *zeu\s de\ gh=, *zeu\s d' ou)rano/s</G> <author>A.</author><title>Fr.</title>70</cit>; <cit><G>kinei=kradi/an, kinei=de\ xo/lon</G> <author>E.</author> <title>Med.</title>99</cit>; <cit><G>o)/zei i)/wn, o)/zei de\ r(o/dwn, o)/zei d' u(aki/nqou</G> <author>Hermipp.</author>82.8</cit>; in rhetorical outbursts, <cit><G>ou)k a)\n eu)qe/ws ei)/poien: to\n de\ ba/skanon, to\n de\ o)/leqron, tou=ton de\ u(bri/zein,—<br>a)napnei=n de/!</G> <author>D.</author>21.209</cit>; in a climax, <G>pa=n gu/naion kai\ paidi/on kai\ qhri/on de/</G> <tr>nay</tr> even beast, <author>Pl.</author><title>Tht.</title>171e, cf.<author>X.</author> <title>HG</title>5.2.37; in the combination <cit><G>kai\ de/</G> <author>Il.</author>23.80</cit>, al., <cit><G>kai\ ..de/</G> <author>A.</author><title>Pr.</title> 973</cit>, <author>E.</author><title>El.</title>1117, etc., each particle retains its force. <p><b>c.</b> answering to <G>te</G> (q. v.), <cit><G>a(\ tw=n te a)pobaino/ntwn e(/neka a)/cia kekth=sqai, polu\ de\ ma=llon au)ta\ au(tw=n</G> <author>Pl.</author><title>R.</title>367c</cit>. <p><b>3.</b> implying causal connexion, less direct than <G>ga/r,</G> <author>Il.</author>6.160, <author>Od.</author>1.433. <p><b>4.</b> in questions, with implied opposition, <cit><G>e(o/rakas d', e)/fh, th\n gunai=ka;</G> <author>X.</author><title>Cyr.</title>5.1.4</cit>; <cit><G>kai\ o( *swkra/ths, ei)pe/ moi, e)/fh, ku/nas de\ tre/feis;</G> <author>Id.</author><title>Mem.</title>2.9.2</cit>, cf. 2.1.26, <author>S.</author> <title>Ant.</title>1172: in Trag. (not in Com. or Oratt.), when the speaker turns from one person to another, the voc. stands first, then the pers. Pron. folld. by <G>de/,</G> as <cit><G>*mene/lae, soi\ de\ ta/de le/gw ..</G> <author>E.</author><title>Or.</title>622</cit>, etc.; also in <author>Hdt.</author>, <cit><G>w)= de/spota, e)gw\ de\ tau=ta e)poi/hsa</G> 1.115</cit>. <p><b>b.</b> <G>ti/ de/;</G> what <tr>then</tr>? to mark a transition in dialogue; v. <G>ti/s.</G> <p><b>II.</b> in apodosi: <p><b>1.</b> after hypothetical clauses, <G>ei) de/ ke mh\ dw/wsin, e)gw\ de/ ken au)to\s e(/lwmai</G> if they will not give it, <tr>then</tr> I .., <author>Il.</author>1.137, cf. <author>Od.</author>12.54; <cit><G>ei) mhde\ tou=to bou/lei a)pokri/nasqai, su\ de\ tou)nteu=qen le/ge</G> <author>X.</author><title>Cyr.</title>5.5.21</cit>, cf. <author>Pi.</author><title>O.</title>3.43 (v.l.), <author>A.</author><title>Ag.</title>1060, <author>Hdt.</author>5.1, etc. <p><b>b.</b> after temporal or relative clauses, with <G>e)pei/, e(/ws,</G> etc., <author>Il.</author>24.255, <author>Hdt.</author>9.70, etc.; <cit><G>me/xri ..ei)=xon ta\ be/lh, oi( de\ a)ntei=xon</G> <author>Th.</author>3.98</cit>; with demonstr. Pronouns or Advbs. answering to a preceding relative, <G>oi(/hper fu/llwn geneh/,</G> <cit><G>toi/h de\ kai\ a)ndrw=n</G> <author>Il.</author>6.146</cit>, etc.; <cit><G>a)=qla oi(=s kei=tai a)reth=s me/gista, toi=s de\ kai\ a)/ndres a)/ristoi politeu/ousin</G> <author>Th.</author>2.46</cit>; <cit><G>tou\s d' e)/labe tura/nnous ..tou/tous de\ ..e)cedi/dou</G> <author>Hdt.</author>5.37</cit>, cf. <author>Isoc.</author>4.98, <author>Pl.</author><title>La.</title>194d; <cit><G>oi(=a me\n e(/kasta e)moi\ fai/netai toiau=ta me\n e)/stin e)moi/, oi(=a de\ soi/, toiau=ta de\ au)= soi/</G> <author>Id.</author><title>Tht.</title>152a</cit>: sts. after a participle, <cit><G>oi)o/menoi ..timh=s teu/cesqai, a)nti\ de\ tou/twn ou)d' o(/moioi ..e)so/meqa</G> <author>X.</author><title>An.</title>6.6.16</cit>, cf. <author>Isoc.</author>15.71 (v.l.). <p><b>2.</b> to resume after an interruption or parenthesis, <cit><G>xro/nou de\ e)piginome/nou kai\ katestramme/nwn sxedo\n pa/ntwn ..,—<br>katestramme/nwn de\ tou/twn ..</G> <author>Hdt.</author>1.28</cit>,29; <cit><G>nu=n d' au)= pa/lin u(po/ te plou/tou diaqrupto/menos ..kai\ u(p' a)nqrw/pwn ..u(po\ toiou/twn de/ ..</G> <author>X.</author><title>Cyr.</title>7.2.23</cit>; with an anacoluthon, <cit><G>h( de\ yuxh\ a)/ra,—<br>oi(= a)\n qeo\s qe/lh| ..th=| e)mh=| yuxh=| i)te/on, au(/th de\ dh/ ..</G> <author>Pl.</author><title>Phd.</title>80d</cit>: for <G>d' ou)=n,</G> v. <G>ou)=n.</G> <p><b>3.</b> to begin a story, <G>h)=mos d' h)e/lios ..</G> <tr>well,</tr> when the sun .., <author>Od.</author>4.400. <p><b>4.</b> to introduce a proof, <G>tekmh/rion de/, shmei=on de/,</G> <abbr>v.</abbr> sub vocc. <p><b>B.</b> POSITION of <G>de/.</G> It usu. stands second: hence freq. between Art. and <pos>Subst.</pos> or Prep. and case; but also after <pos>Subst.</pos>, or words forming a connected notion, hence it may stand third, <cit><G>gunai=ka pisth\n d' e)n do/mois eu(/roi</G> <author>A.</author><title>Ag.</title>606</cit>, cf. <title>Th.</title>411, <title>Eu.</title>531, <author>S.</author><title>Ph.</title>959, etc.; fourth, <author>Id.</author><title>OT</title>485, <author>E.</author><title>Hel.</title>688, <author>A.</author><title>Pr.</title>323,383, etc.; fifth, ib. 401codd.; even sixth, Epigen.7(codd. <author>Poll.</author>); so in Prose after a neg., <G>ou)x u(p' e)rastou= de/,</G> to avoid confusion between <G>ou) de/</G> and <G>ou)de/,</G> <author>Pl.</author><title>Phdr.</title>227c.