γάρ (γέ, ἄρα): for, namely; but often not to be translated, as in strong asseverations (esp. ἦ γάρ), Il. 1.293, 342, 355, and in questions, ὦ Κίρκη, πῶς γάρ με κέλεαι σοὶ ἤπιον εἶναι, how canst thou bid me? Od. 10.337; similarly after interjections, and in wishes, αἲ γάρ, εἰ or εἴθε γάρ. The causal (for) and explanatory (namely) uses need no illustration. ἀλλὰ... γάρ, but yet, but really, Il. 7.242, Od. 10.202; freq. in combination (γάρ) δή, οὖν, ῥά, τέ, τοί.
γάρ (γε, ἄρα), causal Conj., used alone or with other Particles. I. introducing the reason or cause of what precedes,
for
, τῷ γὰρ ἐπὶ φρεσὶ θῆκε θεὰ λευκώλενος Ἥρη· κήδετο γ. ΔαναῶνIl.1.56, etc.; but freq. in expl. of that wh. is implied in the preceding clause, πολλάων πολίων κατέλυσε κάρηνα ..τοῦ γὰρ κράτος ἐστὶ μέγιστον 2.118, etc.: hence, b. in simple explanations, esp. after a Pronoun or demonstr. Adj., ἀλλὰ τόδ' αἰνὸν ἄχος κραδίην καὶ θυμὸν ἱκάνει· Ἕκτωρ γ. ποτε φήσει 8.148, cf. Od.2.163; ὃ δὲ δεινότατον ..ὁ Ζεὺς γ. ..Ar.Av.514; ὃ δὲ πάντων ἀδικώτατον ἔδοξε· τῶν γὰρ προγε γραμμένων ἠτίμωσε καὶ υἱούσPlu.Sull.31; freq. in introducing proofs or examples, μαρτύριον δέ· Δήλου γ. καθαιρομένησ ..Th.1.8; τεκμήριον δέ· οὔτε γ. Λακεδαιμόνιοι ..Id.2.39, cf. D.20.10, etc.; in full, τεκμήριον δὲ τούτου τόδε· αἱ μὲν γ. ..Hdt.2.58; παράδειγμα τόδε τοῦ λόγου· ἐκ γ. ..Th.1.2; δηλοῖ δέ μοι τόδε· πρὸ γ. ..ib.3. c. to introduce a detailed description or narration already alluded to, ὅμως δὲ λεκτέα ἃ γιγνώσκω· ἔχει γ. [ἡ χώρα] πεδία κάλλιστα ..X.An.5.6.6, etc. d. in answers to questions or statements challenging assent or denial,
yes, .., no, ..
, οὔκουν ..ἀνάγκη ἐστί;— ἀνάγκη γ. οὖν, ἔφη,
ay doubtless
it is necessary, X.Cyr.2.1.7, cf. 4 and 13; indicating assent, ἔχει γ.Pl.Phdr.268a; ἱκανὸς γ., ἔφη, συμβαίνει γ., ἔφη, Id.R.502b, 502c,cf. Ap.41a, etc.; οὔκουν δὴ τό γ' εἰκός.— οὐ γ.: Id.Phdr.276c. 2. by inversion, preceding the fact explained,
since, as
, Ἀτρεί̈δη, πολλοὶ γ. τεθνᾶσιν Ἀχαιοί ..τῷ σε χρὴ πόλεμον παῦσαιIl.7.328; χρόνου δὲ οὐ πολλοῦ διελθόντος (χρῆν γ. Κανδαύλῃ γενέσθαι κακῶσ) ἔλεγε πρὸς τὸν Γύγην τοιάδε, Γύγη, οὐ γ. σε δοκέω πείθεσθαι ..(ὦτα γ. τυγχάνει κτλ.), ποίει ὅκωσ ..Hdt.1.8. cf. 6.102, al.; εἶεν, σὺ γ. τούτων ἐπιστήμων, τί χρὴ ποιεῖν; Pl.Phd.117a; the principal proposition is sts. b. blended with the causal one, τῇ δὲ κακῶς γ. ἔδεε γενέσθαι εἶπε, i.e. ἡ δέ (κακῶς γ. οἱ ἔδεε γενέσθαι) εἶπεHdt. 9.109, cf. 1.24, 4.149, 200, Th.1.72, 8.30. c. attached to the hypothet. Particle instead of being joined to the apodosis, οὐδ' εἰ γ. ἦν τὸ πρᾶγμα μὴ θεήλατον, ἀκάθαρτον ὑμᾶς εἰκὸς ἦν οὕτως ἐᾶν, i.e. οὐδὲ γ. εἰ ἦν .., S.OT255. d. repeated, οὐ γ. οὖν σιγήσομαι· ἔτικτε γ. ..Id.OC980, cf. Ant.659 sq., 1255. 3. in elliptical phrases, where that of which γάρ gives the reason is omitted, and must be supplied, a. freq. in Trag. dialogue and Pl., when
yes
or
no
may be supplied from the context, καὶ δῆτ' ἐτόλμας τούσδ' ὑπερβαίνειν νόμους;— οὐ γ. τί μοι Ζεὺς ἦν ὁ κηρύξας τάδε [yes],
for
it was not Zeus, etc., S.Ant.450, cf. OT102, etc.; καλῶς γὰρ αὐτὸς ἠγάνισαιPl.Smp.194a; freq. in phrase ἔστι γ. οὕτω [yes],
for
so it is, i. e. yes certainly: λέγεταί τι καινόν; γένοιτο γ. ἄν τι καινότερον ἢ ..; [why,] could there be ..? D.4.10; with negs., Ar.Ra.262 τούτῳ γ. οὐ νικήσετε [do so],
yet
shall ye never prevail by this means: for ἀλλὰ γ., v. infr.11.1. b. to confirm or strengthen something said, οἵδ' οὐκέτ' εἰσί· τοῦτο γάρ σε δήξεται [I say this],
for
it will sting thee, E.Med.1370: after an Exclamation, ὦ πόποι· ἀνάριθμα γ. φέρω πήματαS.OT168 (lyr.), cf. E.Hel.857. c. in conditional propositions, where the condition is omitted,
? i. e. it must be so, Id.OC539,542,547, etc.; τί γ. δή ποτε; D.21.44; also πῶς γ.; πῶς γ. οὔ;, v. πῶσ. 5. to strengthen a wish, c. opt., κακῶς γ. ἐξόλοιοO that you might perish ! E.Cyc.261; cf. αἴ, εἰ, εἴθε, πῶσ. II. joined with other Particles: 1.ἀλλὰ γ. where γάρ gives the reason of a clause to be supplied between ἀλλά and itself, as ἀλλ' ἐν γὰρ Τρώων πεδίῳ ..but [
you know, Il.2.301,23.607, Hdt.1.34, 114, etc.; φάμεν γ. δή
yes
certainly we say so, Pl.Tht.187e, cf. 164d; οὐ γ. δήS.Ant.46, etc. 4.γ. νυOd.14.359. 5.γ. οὖν
for
indeed, to confirm or explain, Il.15.232, Hdt.5.34, S.Ant.489,771, etc.; φησὶ γ. οὖν
yes
of course he says so, Pl.Tht.170a; γ. οὖν δήId.Prm.148c, etc.; οὐ γ. οὖν ib.134b; cf. τοιγαροῦν. 6.γ. που
for
I suppose, esp. with negs., Id.R.381c, Phd.62d, etc.; οὐ γ. δήπουId.Prt.309c. 7.γ. ῥα, = γὰρ ἄρα, Il.1.113, al. 8.γ. τε, 23.156; also τε γ.D.19.159, Arist.Pol.1333a2, al. 9.γ. τοι
for
surely .., E.Hel.93, Supp.564, etc.; οὐ γ. τοιOd.21.172, etc.; cf. τοιγάρτοι. B. POSITION: γάρ prop. stands after the first word in a clause, but in Pocts it freq. stands third or fourth, when the preceding words are closely connected, as ὁ μὲν γὰρ ..S.Aj.764; χἠ ναῦς γὰρ ..Id.Ph.527; τό τ' εἰκαθεῖν γὰρ ..Id.Ant.1096; τὸ μὴ θέμις γὰρ ..A.Ch.641, cf. 753: also in Prose, τὸ κατ' ἀξίαν γὰρ ..Arist.EN1163b11: sts. for metrical reasons, where there is no such connexion, as third (A.Ag.222.729, S.Ph.219 (all lyr.)), fourth (Ar.Av.1545); in later Com. fifth (Men.462.2); sixth (Antiph.26.22); seventh (Men.Epit.531, Pk.170, Athenio 1.5); once sixth in S., καιρὸς καὶ πλοῦς ὅδ' ἐπείγει γὰρ κατὰ πρύμνανPh.1451. 2. inserted before the demonstr. -ί, as νυνγαρί for νυνὶ γάρ; cf. νυνί. C. QUANTITY: γάρ is sts. long in Hom. metri gr., θήσειν γὰρ ἔτ' ἔμελλενIl.2.39; φωνῆς γὰρ ἤκουσαh.Cer.57.— In Att. always short: Ar.Eq.366, V.217, Lys.20 are corrupt.