εἰμί, 2 sing. ἐσσί, εἴσ (never εἶ), 1 pl. είμέν, 3 pl. ἔᾶσι, subj. ἔω, εἴω, 3 ἔῃσι, ᾖσι, 3 pl. ἔωσι, ὦσι, opt. 2 ἔοις, 3 ἔοι, inf. ἔμμεν(αι), part. ἐών, ἔοῦσα, ἐόν, ipf. ἔα, ἦα, ἔον (ἔην), 2 ἔησθα, ἦσθα, 3 ἔην, ἤην, ἦεν, du. ἤστην, pl. ἔσαν, iter. ἔσκον, fut. ἔσσομαι, ἔσσεαι, ἔσσεται, ἐσσόμεθα: as copula, meaning to be, forms of the pres. ind. are enclitic, with the exception of ἔᾶσι. But they are not enclitic in the meaning exist, be possible; so at the beginning of a sentence, and ἔστι after οὐκ, καί, εἰ, and ὡς. Ζεῦ πάτερ, ἦ ῥα ἔτ' ἔστε θεοί, ye do then still exist, Od. 24.352 ; εἴ τι- που ἔστι, πίθοιό μοι, if it be anywise possible, Od. 4.193 . εἶναι is used in Hom. as elsewhere to form periphrastic tenses, τετληότες εἰμέν (=τετλήκαμεν), Il. 5.873 ; βλήμενος ἦν, Il. 4.211; and it is the usual verb to denote possession, εἰσίν μοι παῖδες, Il. 10.170; ὄφρα οἱ εἴη πίνειν, have (a chance) to drink, - 248; phrases, ἔνδον ἐόντων, of her store; ὅπως ἔσται τάδε ἔργα, what turn affairs will take; εἴη κεν καὶ τοῦτο, this might well come to pass; ἐμοὶ δέ κεν ἀσμένῳ εἴη, it would please me well; καὶ ἐσσομένοισι πυθέσθαι, for future generations, for posterity to hear; εἴ ποτ' ἔην γε, if indeed he ever was—as if his existence had been but a dream after all.—Ellipsis of ἐστί is freq., of other forms rare, sc. ἔῃ, Il. 14.376.
), Aeol. ἔμμιSapph.2.15, Theoc.20.32; Cret. ἠμίGDI 4959a; 2sg.εἶ, Ep. and Ion. εἰσOd.17.388, al., Aeol. ἔσσι, Ep. and Dor. ἐσσίIl.1.176, Pi.O.6.90, Sophr.134; ἐσίGDI4959a; 3sg.ἐστί, Dor. ἐντίIG12(1).677 (Rhodes), Theoc.1.17, etc.; 3dualἐστόνTh.3.112; 1pl.ἐσμέν, Ep. and Ion. εἰμέν (also in Pi.P.3.60), ἐμένCall.Fr. 294, Dor. εἰμέσTheoc.15.73, but ἠμένGDI5178.34; 3pl.εἰσί (-ίν), Ep. and Ion. ἔασι (-ιν) Il.7.73, Xenoph.8.1, Antim.29, Herod.4.84, Dor. ἐντίPi.N.1.24, Theoc.11.45, IG9(1).32.22 (Phocis), etc.: imper. ἴσθι (ἔσθιHecat.361J.), Ep. and Lyr. also in Med. form ἔσσοOd.3.200, Sapph.1.28, Maced.Pae.31, late Prose ἔσοPlu.2.241d, M.Ant.3.5, Hld.5.12, Porph.Marc.34; 3sg.ἔστω (ἤτωLXXPs.103.31, and late Inscrr., CIG2664, al.; but in Pl.R.361c leg. ἴτω), Dor. εἴτω, ἤτω, Heraclid. ap. Eust.1411.21, Elean ἤστωSchwyzer 424; 3pl.ἔστωσαν, but ἔστωνHom., Pl.R.502a, ὄντωνId.Lg.879b, and early Att. Inscrr., IG12.22, etc. (ἔστωσαν first in ii B. C., ib.22.1328), Dor. ἐόντων ib.1126: subj.ὦ, ᾖς, ᾖ, Ep. ἔωOd.9.18; 3sg.ἔῃIl.12.300,al. (also ἔῃσι 2.366, al., ᾖσι(ν) 19.202, Hes.Op.294), also Boeot. ἔνθωIG7.3172.165, μετείωIl.23.47 and perh. εἴῃ 9.245, etc.; Dor. 3pl.ὦντιSIG940.3 (Crete), ἔωντιGDI5040.14 (Hierapytna), Boeot. ἴωνθιIG7.3171.46(iii B. C.): opt. εἴην, -ης (εἴησθαThgn.715), -η, also ἔοις, ἔοι, Il.9.284, 142, al., cf. Hdt.7.6; 3pl.εἴοισαν Ἀρχ. Ἐφ. 1911.133 (Gonni); 3dualεἴτηνPl.Prm.149e, Sph.243e; 1pl.εἶμενE.Alc.921 (lyr.), Pl.; 2pl.εἶτεOd. 21.195; 3pl.εἶενIl.2.372, etc., εἴησανHdt.1.2, etc.; Elean ἔα, = εἴη, SIG9 (vi B. C.), and σύν-εαν, = συνεῖεν, GDI1149 (vi B. C.): inf.εἶναι, Arc.ἦναιSIG306.9 (Tegea, iv B. C.); Ep. ἔμμεναι (also Aeol. ἔμμεν'Sapph.34), ἔμμεν (also Pi.P.6.42, S.Ant.623 (lyr.)), ἔμεναι, ἔμεν, also ἔμεινSIG1166 (Dodona); Dor. εἶμεν Foed. ap. Th.5.77,79, IG7.1.7 (Megara), ἦμενTest.Epict.5.16, Tab.Heracl.1.75, Cret. ἦμεν or ἤμηνLeg.Gort.1.15, al., GDI4998i 2, al., Megar. εἴμεναιAr.Ach. 775, εἴμεινIG12(1).155.100 (Rhodes), 14.952 (Agrigentum); εἶν ib. 12(9).211.10 (Eretria), SIG135.4 (Olynthus), etc.: part.ὤν, Ep. ἐών, ἐοῦσα, ἐόν, Cypr.ἰώνInscr.Cypr.135.23 H.; Boeot. fem. ἰῶσαIG 7.3172.116 (Orchom.), Aeol. and Dor. fem. ἔσσαSapph.75.4, IG4.952.2 (Epid.), Theoc.28.16, ἐοῖσαPi.P.4.265, ἔασσαLyr.Alex.Adesp. 9, Diotog. ap. Stob.4.7.62, εὖσαErinn.5.5 (also Ion., Herod.5.16, εὔντων 2.85), ἐᾶσαTi.Locr.96d, IG5(1).1470.8 (Messene), ἴατταLeg.Gort.8.47; acc. sg. εὖνταTheoc.2.3; nom. sg. εἴσ in Heraclid. ap. Eust.1756.13, pl. ἔντεσTab.Heracl.1.117; dat. pl. ἔντασσι ib.104; gen. pl. παρ-έντωνAlcm. 64: impf.ἦνIl.2.77, etc., Ep. ἔον (also Aeol., Alc.127, Sapph.Oxy.1787 Fr.3 ii 21), in Att. ἦ (dub. in Aeol., Alc.Supp.14.9), Ar.Pl.77, Pl.Phd.61b, etc., but usu. altered to ἦν in codd. (and ἦν is required by metre in E.Ion280), contr. from Ep. and Ion. ἦα (Il.5.808, al., IG12(8).449.2 (Thasos), whence Hom.and later Ion. ἔᾱIl.4.321, al., ἔασHdt.1.187, ἔατεId.4.119); Ep. 3sg.ἦεν, always with ν in Hom.; ἔην as 1sg., only Il.11.762 (s. v.l., al. ἔον), freq. as 3sg. (generally before a consonant, so that ἔεν is possible), sts. also ἤην; 2sg.ἦσθα, later ἦσ (wh. is v.l. in Pi.I.1.26), sts. in LXX (Jd. 11.35, Ru.3.2,al.), cf. Pl.Ax.365e, Erinn.4.4, Ev.Matt.25.21, al., ἦσθασMen.Epit. 156, Ep. ἔησθα; 3sg.ἦν, Ep. ἔην, ἤην, ἦεν (v. supr.), Dor. and Aeol. ἦσAlc.Supp.30.1, Epich.102, Sophr.59, Theoc.2.90, SIG241.145 (Delph.); 3dualἤστηνIl.5.10, E.Hipp.387, Ar.Eq.982, Pl.Euthd.272a, al.; Dor. 1pl.ἦμεσPlu.Lyc.21; 2pl.ἦτεPl.Euthd. 276c, ἦστεAr.Pax821, Ec.1086; 3pl.ἦσαν, Ion. and Poet. ἔσαν (in Hes.Th.321,825, ἦν is not pl. for ἦσαν, but is rather a peculiarity of syntax, v. infr. v, but is 3pl. in Epich.46, al., SIG560.15 (Epidamnus, iii B. C.)); Aeol. ἔονSchwyzer 644.12; later ἤμηνPSI4.362.21(iii B. C.), SIG527.46 (Crete, iii B. C.), IGRom.4.1740 (Cyme), always in LXX as Ba.1.19, cf. Ev.Matt.23.30, Plu.2.174a, etc., and sts. in codd. of earlier writers, Lys.7.34, Trag.Adesp.124 (cited from E.Hel.931 by Choerob. and from Id.Tr.474 by Aps.), X.Cyr.6.1.9, Hyp.Ath.26, 2sg.ἦσοEpigr.Gr.379 (Aezani), 3sg.ἦστοSupp.Epigr. 1.455.7 (Phrygia), 1pl.ἤμεθαPPetr.2p.11(iii B. C.), LXXBa.1.19, 1 Ki.25.16, Ep.Eph.2.3; subj.ὦμαιPBaden 48.12(ii B. C.), ἦταιGDI 1696, ἦνται prob. in IG5(1).1390.83 (Andania); Ion. and Ep. also ἔσκον, used by A.Pers.656 (lyr.): fut.ἔσομαι, ἔσται, Ep. and Aeol. also ἔσσομαι, ἔσεται, ἔσσεται; Aeol. 2sg.ἔσσῃ prob. in Alc.67,87; Dor. 2 and 3sg.ἐσσῇ, ἐσσεῖται, Il.2.393, 13.317, Theoc.10.5, 3pl.ἐσσοῦνται Foed. ap. Th.5.77 codd. (but ἔσσονταιTab.Heracl.1.113), inf.ἐσσεῖσθαιSophr.57.— All forms of the pres.ind. are enclitic (exc. 2sg.εἶ and 3pl.ἔασι); but 3sg. is written ἔστι when it begins a sentence or verse, or when it immediately follows οὐκ, καί, εἰ, ὡς, ἀλλά, or τοῦτ', Hdn.Gr.1.553 (also μή acc. to EM301.3); later Gramm. wrote ἔστι as Subst. Verb, Phot., Eust.880.22. A. as the Subst. Verb, I. of persons,
exist
, οὐκ ἔσθ' οὗτος ἀνήρ, οὐδ' ἔσσεταιOd.16.437; ἔτ' εἰσί they
of some consequence, v. τις; οὐδὲν εἶναιPl.R.562d, etc. 2. periphr. with the Participle to represent the finite Verb: with pf.part. once in Hom., τετληότες εἰμέν, for τετλήκαμεν, Il.5.873; so in Trag. and Att., ἦν τεθνηκώσ, for ἐτεθνήκει, A.Ag.869; ἔσται δεδορκώσ ib.1179; εἰμὶ γεγώσS.Aj.1299; πεφυκός ἐστιAr.Av.1473; δεδρακότες εἰσίνTh.3.68; κατακεκονότες ἔσεσθεX.An.7.6.36: with aor.part., once in Hom., βλήμενος ἦνIl.4.211; so προδείσας εἰμί, οὐ σιωπήσας ἔσει; S.OT90,1146, cf. A.Supp.460: with pres.part., ἦν προκείμενονId.Pers.371; φεύγων Ὀρέστης ἐστίνId.Ch.136; εἴην οὐκ ἂν εὖ φρονῶνS.Aj.1330; τί δ' ἐστί ..φέρον; Id.OT991, cf. 274,708; λέγων ἐστίν τισE.Hec.1179; ἦν τίς σ' ὑβρίζωνId.HF313; πόρρω ἤδη εἶ πορευόμενοσPl.Ly.204b; βαδίζων εἰμίAr.Ra. 36; freq. in Hdt., ἦσαν ἱέντεσ 1.57, al.; even εἰσὶ διάφοροι ἐόντεσ 3.49 (s.v.l.):— if the Art. is joined with the Part., the noun is made emphatic, Κᾶρές εἰσι οἱ καταδέξαντεσ the persons who showed her
were
Carians, Id.1.171; αὐτὸς ἦν ὁ μαρτυρῶνA.Eu.798; δόλος ἦν ὁ φράσασS.El.197 (anap.). C.εἶναι is freq. modified in sense by the addition of Advbs., or the cases of Nouns without or with Preps.: I.εἶναι with Advbs., where the Adv. often merely represents a Noun and stands as the predicate, ἅλις δέ οἱ ἦσαν ἄρουραιIl.14.122, etc.; ἀκέων, ἀκήν εἶναι,
safely, Hdt.4.134; ἐγγύς, πόρρω εἶναι, Th.6.88, Pl.Prt.356e: freq. impers. with words implying good or ill fortune, Κουρήτεσσι κακῶς ἦν
it fared
ill with them, Il.9.551; εὖ γὰρ ἔσταιE.Med.89, cf. Ar.Pl.1188, etc.; ἡδέως ἂν αὐτοῖς εἴηD.59.30. II. c. gen., to express descent or extraction, πατρὸς δ' εἴμ' ἀγαθοῖοIl.21.109; αἵματός εἰς ἀγαθοῖοOd. 4.611, cf. Hdt.3.71, Th.2.71, etc.; πόλεως μεγίστης εἶX.An.7.3.19. b. to express the material of which a thing is made, ἡ κρηπίς ἐστι λίθων μεγάλων
disgraceful, D.2.2. d. to express that a thing belongs to another, Τροίαν Ἀχαιῶν οὖσανA.Ag. 269; τὸ πεδίον ἦν μέν κοτε ΧορασμίωνHdt.3.117, etc.: hence,
through the points of contact, Apollon. Perg.Con.4.1; εἶναι ἐπί τινι, v. supr. 3 b. 6.εἶναι πρός τινοσ
to be
in one's favour, Th.4.10,29, etc.;
to suit
, X.An. 1.2.11, etc.; εἶναι πρός τινι
engaged
in, Pl.Phd.84c, Philostr.VA5.31; πρὸς τοῖς ἰδίοισ
mind
one's own affairs, Arist.Pol.1309a6, Ath.16.3; εἶναι πρὸς τὸ κωλύεινPlb.1.26.3; πρὸς τὸ πονεῖν Telesp.46 H.; εἶναι περί τιX.An.3.5.7, etc. 7.εἶναι παρά τινι or τινα, = παρειναι, Id.Cyr.6.2.15, Hdt.8.140.ά (s.v.l.). 8.εἶναι ὑπό τινα or τινι
to be
subject to .., X.HG5.2.17 (s.v.l.), 6.2.4. 9.περὶ τούτων ἐστίν that
is
the question, Men.Epit.30. 10.εἶναι ἀπό .., in Geom.,
to be constructed
upon, Archim.Sph.Cyl.2.9, Con.Sph.7. D.ἐστί is very freq. omitted, mostly in the pres. ind. before certain predicates, as ἀνάγκη, ἄξιον, δυνατόν, εἰκός, ἕτοιμον, οἷόν τε, ῥᾴδιον, χρεών, etc., and after the neut. of Verbals in -τέοσ, and such forms as θαυμαστὸν ὅσον: less freq. with other persons and moods, εἰμί omitted, S.OT92, Aj.813; εἶ, Od.4.206; ἐσμέν, S.Ant.634; ἐστέ, Od.10.463; εἰσί, S.OT499 (lyr.), IG2.778 B; subj.ᾖ, Il.14.376, E.Hipp.659, Antipho 5.32; opt. εἴη, IG22.1183.12; impf.ἦν, ib.2.778 B; fut.ἔσονται, Od.14.394. E. the Inf. freq. seems redundant, 1. in phrases implying power or will to do a thing, ἑκὼν εἶναι (v. ἑκών) κατὰ δύναμιν εἶναιIs.2.32; εἰς δύναμιν εἶναιPl.Plt.300c; τὸ ἐπ' ἐκείνοις εἶναι,
quantum in illis esset
, Th.8.48, X.HG3.5.9, cf. Lys.13.58; τὸ ἐπὶ σφᾶς εἶναιTh.4.28; τὸ κατὰ τοῦτον εἶναιX.An.1.6.9; κατὰ τοῦτο εἶναιPl.Prt. 317a; τὸ τήμερον, τὸ νῦν εἶναι, Id.Cra.396e, La.201c, Theopomp. Com.98, Decr. ap. Arist.Ath.31.2, etc. 2. after Verbs of naming or choosing, σοφιστὴν ὀνομάζουσι τὸν ἄνδρα εἶναιPl.Prt.311e; σύμμαχόν μιν εἵλοντο εἶναιHdt.8.134; of giving, δῶκε ξεινήϊον εἶναιIl. 11.20. F.impf.ἦνissts. used where other languages take the pres., 1. after ἄρα, to express a fact which
is and has always been
the same, δέρμα δὲ ἀνθρώπου ..ἦν ἄρα σχεδὸν δερμάτων πάντων λαμπρότατον human skin then
it appears is
.., Hdt.4.64; Κύπρις οὐκ ἄρ' ἦν θεόσE.Hipp.359; ὡς ἄρ' ἦσθ' ἐμὸς πατὴρ ὀρθῶσ ib.1169; ἦ πολύμοχθον ἄρ' ἦν γένος ..ἁμερίωνId.IA1330; ἦ στωμύλος ἦσθαTheoc.5.79; so also when there is reference to a past thought, τουτὶ τί ἦν; what
is
this? Ar.Ach.157, cf. Pl.Cra.387c: so in the Aristotelian formula τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι (APo.82b38, al.), used to express
the essential nature
of a thing, where τί ἦν (for ἐστί) takes the place of the dat. in such phrases as τὸ ἀγαθῷ εἶναι, τὸ μεγέθει εἶναι, APr.67b12, de An.429b10. G.ἐγώ εἰμι, in LXX, pleonastic for ἐγώ, ἐγώ εἰμι οὐχ ἥμαρτονJd. 11.27, cf. 6.18; also ἔσται πᾶς ἀποκτενεῖ μεGe.4.14.