ἄρα, ἄρ (before consonants), ῥα, ῤ (enclitic), always post-positive: particle denoting inference or a natural sequence of ideas, then, so then, so, naturally, as it appears, but for the most part untranslatable by word or phrase; freq. in neg. sentences, οὐδ' ἄρα, οὔτ̓ ἄρα, and joined to rel. and causal words, ὅς τ' ἄρα, ὅς ῥά τε, οὕνεκ̓ ἄρα, ὅτι ῥα, also following εἶτα, γάρ, ἀλλά, αὐτάρ, etc.; further, in questions, and in the apodosis of sentences after μέν and other particles. The following examples will illustrate some of the chief usages: οὐδ' ἄρα πως ἦνἐν πάντεσσ' ἔργοισι δαήμονα φῶτα γενέσθαι, as it seems, Il. 23.670 ; ἐκ δ' ἔθορε κλῆρος κυνέης, ὅν ἀῤ ἤθελον αὐτοί, just the one they wished, Il. 7.182 ; κήδετο γὰρ Δαναῶν, ὅτι ῥα θνήσκοντας ὁρᾶτο, even because she saw, Il. 1.56 ; τίς τ' ἄρ σφωε θεῶν ἔριδι ξυνέηκε μάχεσθαι, who then? Il. 1.8 ; αὐτὰρ ἄρα Ζεὺς δῶκε διακτόρῳ Ἀργεϊφόντῃ, and then next, Il. 2.103 ; αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ πόσιος καὶ ἐδητύος ἐξ ἔρον ἕντο, τοῖς ἄρα μῦ́θων ἦρχε Γερήνιος ἱππότα Νέστωρ, then, not temporal, Il. 2.433 ; ὢς ἄρα φωνήσᾶς κατ' ἄῤ ἕζετο (twice in one sentence, ἄρα in the phrase κατ' ἄῤ ἕζετο marks the sitting down as the regular sequel of making a speech), Od. 16.213.
ἄρᾰ, Ep. ῥά (which is enclitic and used after monosyllables, ἦ, ὅς, γάρ, etc., or words ending in a vowel or diphthong, e.g. ἐπεί), before a consonant ἄρ (perh. cf. Lith.
i
'and'): expressing consequence,
then,
or mere succession,
there and then,
and in many derived uses. A. EARLIER USAGE: to denote, I. immediate transition,
there and then, straightway,
ὣς φάτο βῆ δ' ἄρ' ὌνειροσIl.2.16: after a part., ὣς εἰπὼν κατ' ἄρ' ἕζετο 1.68, al.; πυθόμενος ..εἶπε ἄ.Hdt.4.134, cf. 9.9; ἐρωτώσης τῆς μητρὸς ἀπεκρίνατο ἄραX.Cyr.1.3.2; with other Particles, δέ, ἦ, ὡς, etc., cf. ὁ δὲ Ἀστυάγης ἄ. εἶπεν ib.4.10: also after Advbs. of Time, τότε δή ῥα, τῆμος ἄρα, etc.; οὕτως ἄραPl.Phdr.259b; often in apodosi, as αὐτὰρ ἐπεὶ δὴ θηήσατο ..αὐτίκ' ἄρ' ἤλυθενOd.5.77; repeated τὼ μὲν ἄρ' ..κεῖντο ἡ δ' ἄρ' ..ἀγόρευεIl.21.426: in enumerations, e. g. in Homer's catalogue,
then, next,
οἱ δ' ἄρ' Ἀθήνας εἶχον 2.546; so in genealogies, Σίσυφος ..ὁ δ' ἄ. Γλαῦκον τέκεθ' υἱόν 6.154. 2. to draw attention,
mark you!
τὸν τρεῖς μὲν ἐπιρρήσσεσκον ..τῶν ἄλλων Ἀχιλεὺς δ' ἄρ' ἐπιρρήσσεσκε καὶ οἶοσ 24.456; with imper., ἀλλ' ἄγε δὴ κατ' ἄρ' ἕζευ 24.522: to point a moral or general statement, φευγόντων δ' οὔτ' ἂρ κλέος ὄρνυται οὔτε τις ἀλκή 5.532. II. connexion, such as, 1. that of
antecedent
and
consequent,
οἰνοχόει ..ἄσβεστος δ' ἄρ' ἐνῶρτο γέλωσ 1.599, cf. 24.507; τοὔνεκ' ἄρ' ἄλγε' ἔδωκε 1.96; freq. with οὕνεκα in protasi, 7.140, al.: also in questions, τίς τ' ἄρ τῶν ὄχ' ἄριστος ἔην; who
then
(say you) was ..? 2.761: with demonstr. Pronoun in recapitulation, ἀλλ' υἱὸν Πριάμοιο ..τόν ῥ' Ὀδυσεὺς βάλε
he it was, whom
.., 4.501: freq. in such phrases as ὣς ἄρα φωνήσασ 2.35, al.; ὣς ἄρ' ἔφη 1.584, al.; ἦ ῥα 3.355, al., thus,
then
he spoke.— This usage is universal in Greek. 2. explanation of that which precedes, χωόμενον κατὰ θυμὸν ἐϋζώνοιο γυναικὸς τήν ῥα ..ἀπηύρων whom (
and for this cause
he was angry) they had taken away, 1.429; εἰ μὴ ὑπερφίαλον ἔπος ἔκβαλε ..φῆ ῥ' ἀέκητι θεῶν φυγέειν
for
he said, Od.4.504: freq. with οὕνεκα; so with relatives, ἐκ δ' ἔθορε κλῆρος ὃν ἄρ' ἤθελον αὐτοί the
very
one which .., Il.7.182. B. LATER USAGE, always with inferential force: 1. in drawing conclusions (more subjective than οὖν), ἄριστον ἄ. ἡ εὐδαιμονίαArist.EN1099a24; δῆλον ἄ.Id.Pol.1295b33; in pseudo-syllogistic conclusions, Id.SE174b11, Rh.1401a3, al.: esp. by way of informal inference,
.., X.HG7.1.32; πολὺ γὰρ ἀμείνων ἄ. ὁ τοῦ ἀδίκου ἢ ὁ τοῦ δικαίου βίοσPl.R.358c; ἦν ἄ. πυρός γ' ἕτερα ..θερμότεραAr.Eq. 382; ὦ τλῆμον ἀρετή, λόγος ἄρ' ἦσθαTrag.Adesp.374; so in announcing the discovery or correction of an error, as οὐκ ἐννενοήκαμεν ὅτι εἰσὶν ἄ. ..Pl.R.375d; φαίνεται πρὸ ποδῶν ἡμῖν κυλινδεῖσθαι καὶ οὐχ ἑωρῶμεν ἄρ' αὐτό ib.432d; εἰκότως ἄ. οὐκ ἐγίγνετο· ὡς γὰρ ἐγὼ νῦν πυνθάνομαι..X.An.2.2.3. 2. in questions, expressing the anxiety of the questioner, τίς ἄ. ῥύσεται;
who is there
to save ? A.Th.92; so in exclamations to heighten the expression of emotion, οἵαν ἄρ' ἥβην ..ἀπώλεσεν
what
a band of youth was that ..! Id.Pers.733; so ὡς ἄρα ib.472, S.Fr.577; τί μ' ἄ. τί μ' ὀλέκεις;Id.Ant.1285; τί οὖν ..ἄ.X.Oec.6.2; πῶς ἄ.; οὕτως ἄ., etc.; ἄ. alone, ἔζης ἄ.S.Fr.686: esp. in ironical comments, Ar.Av.476, 1371, etc. 3. epexegetic,
namely,
ἐρῶ, ὡς ἄ. ..Pl.Tht.152d, cf. 156e. 4. for τοι ἄρα, τἄρα, v. sub τοι 11.2. 5.εἰ (or ἐάν) μὴ ἄ. unless
perhaps,
Pl.Ap.38b, D.58.4; separated from εἰ μή,Id.9.20; with irony, εἰ μὴ ἄ. ἡ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐπιμέλεια διαφθορά ἐστινX.Mem.1.2.8. 6. in hypothetical clauses, to indicate the improbability of the supposition, ἢν ἄ. ποτὲ κατὰ γῆν βιασθῶσινTh.1.93, etc.; or simply,
perhaps
(sts. separated from εἰ), εἴ τις οὖν ὑμῶν ἄ... ὑπελάμβανενD.21.8; εἴ τις ἰδίᾳ τινὰ δεδιὼς ἄ. ἀπρόθυμός ἐστινTh.4.86. C. IN CRASIS, freq. τἄρα, μεντἄρα, οὐτἄρα: also δήξομἄρα for δήξομαι ἄ.,Ar.Ach.325; οἰμώξετἄρα, κλαύσἄρα,Id.Th.248, Pax 532: also in Trag., E.Hyps.Fr.34.86. D.ἄρα never stands first in the sentence in Classical Greek (Arist.Mech.851a22 is corrupt), but is found at the beginning of an apodosis in Ev.Matt.12.28, Ep.Rom.10.17, and first in a sentence, Ev.Luc.11.48, Vett.Val.305.20; in conclusion of syllogism, Herm. ap.Stob.3.11.31.